AIM OF THE STUDY:Important regional differences in uranium exposure exist because of varying uranium concentrations in soil, water and food. Comprehensive data on the exposure of the general population to uranium is, however, scarce. Based on the 24-hour urinary excretion, the uranium exposure of the adult Swiss population was assessed in relation to age, sex, place of residence, body mass index (BMI), smoking habit and type of drinking water, as well as risk factors in relation to kidney impairment and indicators of a possible renal dysfunction. METHODS:Uranium was quantified in 24-hour urine from a nationwide population-based sample (n = 1393). The ratio 238U/233U was measured for isotope dilution calibration with a sector field inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (HR-ICP-MS). RESULTS:Overall median and 95th percentile were 15 and 67 ng/24 h, respectively. The place of residence significantly influenced urinary uranium excretion. However, most of the highest urinary uranium excretion levels could not be associated to areas known for their elevated uranium concentrations in the drinking water. Sources other than the local drinking water (e.g., bottled water) might be important, too. Gender as well as albumin excretion also had a significant effect on uranium excretion. The latter was, however, strongly dependent on the presence of diabetes mellitus. No association was found for age, BMI, smoking habit or the other examined kidney related variables. CONCLUSIONS:On the basis of uranium exposure, assessed via 24-hour urinary uranium excretion, and current knowledge of the toxicity of naturally occurring uranium, a substantial corresponding health risk for the general adult population is unlikely. However, as long as no specific sensitive biomarker for the biological impact of low-dose chronic uranium exposure has been identified and validated, assessing subtle health impact of such exposure will remain difficult.

译文

研究目的:由于土壤,水和食物中铀浓度的变化,铀暴露存在重要的区域差异。但是,缺乏关于一般人群铀暴露的综合数据。根据24小时尿液排泄,评估了瑞士成年人口的铀暴露量,涉及年龄,性别,居住地,体重指数(BMI),吸烟习惯和饮用水类型以及危险因素有关肾脏损害和可能的肾功能不全的指标。
方法:从全国范围内以人群为基础的样本(n = 1393)中的24小时尿液中对铀进行定量。使用扇形场电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(HR-ICP-MS)测量了238U / 233U之比,以进行同位素稀释校准。
结果:总体中位数和第95个百分点分别为15和67 ng / 24 h。居住地显着影响尿中铀的排泄。但是,大多数最高的尿中铀排泄水平与饮用水中铀浓度升高而闻名的地区无关。除当地饮用水以外的其他水源(例如瓶装水)也可能很重要。性别以及白蛋白的排泄也对铀的排泄有显着影响。然而,后者强烈依赖于糖尿病的存在。没有发现年龄,BMI,吸烟习惯或其他与肾脏有关的变量相关。
结论:根据通过24小时尿铀排泄评估的铀暴露量,以及对天然铀毒性的当前了解,对于一般成年人来说,相当大的相应健康风险是不太可能的。但是,只要尚未确定和确认针对低剂量慢性铀暴露的生物影响的特异性敏感生物标志物,评估这种暴露对健康的微妙影响仍然是困难的。

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