Much of the peripheral nervous system of the head is derived from ectodermal thickenings, called placodes, that delaminate or invaginate to form cranial ganglia and sense organs. The trigeminal ganglion, which arises lateral to the midbrain, forms via interactions between the neural tube and adjacent ectoderm. This induction triggers expression of Pax3, ingression of placode cells and their differentiation into neurons. However, the molecular nature of the underlying signals remains unknown. Here, we investigate the role of PDGF signaling in ophthalmic trigeminal placode induction. By in situ hybridization, PDGF receptor beta is expressed in the cranial ectoderm at the time of trigeminal placode formation, with the ligand PDGFD expressed in the midbrain neural folds. Blocking PDGF signaling in vitro results in a dose-dependent abrogation of Pax3 expression in recombinants of quail ectoderm with chick neural tube that recapitulate placode induction. In ovo microinjection of PDGF inhibitor causes a similar loss of Pax3 as well as the later placodal marker, CD151, and failure of neuronal differentiation. Conversely, microinjection of exogenous PDGFD increases the number of Pax3+ cells in the trigeminal placode and neurons in the condensing ganglia. Our results provide the first evidence for a signaling pathway involved in ophthalmic (opV) trigeminal placode induction.

译文

:头部的大部分周围神经系统来自表皮增厚,称为斑块,可分层或渐渐形成颅神经节和感觉器官。三叉神经节出现在中脑外侧,是通过神经管和相邻外胚层之间的相互作用而形成的。这种诱导触发Pax3的表达,placode细胞的进入及其分化为神经元。但是,基本信号的分子性质仍然未知。在这里,我们调查PDGF信号在眼科三叉戟斑块诱导中的作用。通过原位杂交,PDGF受体β在三叉神经板形成时在颅外胚层表达,配体PDGFD在中脑神经折叠处表达。在体外阻断PDGF信号传导会导致鹌鹑外胚层重组体与雏鸡神经管重现斑块诱导,Pax3表达呈剂量依赖性消除。在卵内,PDGF抑制剂的显微注射会导致Pax3以及以后的斑状标记物CD151的相似损失,并导致神经元分化失败。相反,显微注射外源性PDGFD会增加三叉戟斑节中Pax3细胞的数量,以及浓缩神经节中神经元的数量。我们的研究结果为涉及眼科(opV)三叉神经基板诱导信号通路的第一个证据。

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