BACKGROUND & AIMS: The recognition of professional qualifications in all European Union (EU) member states for nurses is covered by both sectoral and general systems directives, yet in reality, few nurses take up their rights as European citizens to live and work in another EU country. One of the main reasons for this is a lack of linguistic skills. This article argues that the nursing profession should be taking a more active role in enabling nurses to move freely around Europe by encouraging language acquisition. It is argued that there are political, social, economic, professional and individual reasons why this should be so. The author gives a brief account of a pilot project which is currently under way to help improve (albeit in a small way) this situation. The project, which has been granted financial support of 100,000 ECU from the European Commission's new training programme, Leonardo da Vinci, will create a multimedia language pack in four languages aimed specifically at nurses.

背景与目标： 部门和通用系统指令都涵盖了所有欧盟（EU）成员国对护士的专业资格的认可，但实际上，很少有护士作为欧洲公民享有在另一个欧盟国家生活和工作的权利。造成这种情况的主要原因之一是缺乏语言能力。本文认为，护理行业应在鼓励护士掌握语言方面，使护士在欧洲自由行动方面发挥更积极的作用。有人认为，这样做的原因有政治，社会，经济，专业和个人原因。作者简要介绍了一个正在进行的试点项目，以帮助改善（尽管有小幅改善）这种情况。该项目已获得欧盟委员会新培训计划Leonardo da Vinci的100,000 ECU的财政支持，该项目将创建专门针对护士的四种语言的多媒体语言包。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Activating KIR-HLA-C ligand complexes and HLA-G∗14bp insertion/deletion (+/-) polymorphism were associated to Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) and were suggested to correlate with inflammation during fetal development. We evaluated whether HLA-G∗14bp(+/-) and KIR-HLA-C complexes are associated with cognitive and behavioral scores and EEG profile in 119 ASD children (58 from Sardinia, 61 from Peninsular Italy). KIR2DS1-C2; KIR2DS2-C1; KIR2DL1-C2; KIR2DL2-C1; KIR2DL3-C1 and HLA-G∗14bp(+/-) were molecularly genotyped by Single Specific Primer PCR and gel electrophoresis. Univariate linear model analysis adjusted for age, gender and provenience showed statistically higher scores of Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS) and Autistic Core Behavior in KIR2DS1-C2+/HLA-G∗14bp+ASD children (43.7±1.5, p=0.03; 3.3±0.1, p=0.03, respectively). These results suggested a synergistic polygenic association of KIR2DS1-HLAC2+/HLA-G∗14bp+ pattern with behavioral impairment in ASD children.

背景与目标： ：激活的KIR-HLA-C配体复合物和HLA-G * 14bp插入/缺失（/-）多态性与自闭症谱系障碍（ASD）相关，并被认为与胎儿发育过程中的炎症相关。我们评估了119名ASD儿童（58名来自撒丁岛，61名来自意大利半岛）的HLA-G * 14bp（/-）和KIR-HLA-C复合物是否与认知和行为评分以及脑电图谱相关。 KIR2DS1-C2; KIR2DS2-C1; KIR2DL1-C2; KIR2DL2-C1;通过单特异性引物PCR和凝胶电泳对KIR2DL3-C1和HLA-G * 14bp（/-）进行分子基因分型。根据年龄，性别和出身水平进行的单变量线性模型分析显示，在KIR2DS1-C2 / HLA-G * 14bp ASD儿童中，儿童自闭症评分量表（CARS）和自闭症核心行为的统计学得分较高（43.7±1.5，p = 0.03; 3.3±分别为0.1，p = 0.03）。这些结果表明，KIR2DS1-HLAC2 / HLA-G * 14bp模式与ASD儿童的行为障碍存在协同的多基因关联。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:To assess visual perception in 40 patients suffering from migraine with aura (MA), 40 patients suffering from migraine without aura (MO), and 40 controls. BACKGROUND:Visual perception abnormalities are a common feature in both MA and MO. METHODS:We performed luminance and color central perimetry. Black and white pattern reversal visual-evoked potentials were also assessed. RESULTS:Luminance perimetry was similar in patients and controls. Color perimetry instead revealed an impairment in the perception of red ("quantitative perception index") in migraine patients; this impairment was more pronounced in patients with MA (P < .001) than in those with MO (P < .05) and was related to the degree of photophobia recorded before testing. A subgroup of MO patients who had a migraine attack shortly after being tested also displayed a marked impairment in the perception of blue. This subgroup of patients had a statistically significant (P < .001) lower perception of blue than the rest of the MO patients, who had a migraine attack later; they also had a high degree of unpleasant perceptions after testing. Black and white visual evoked potentials were similar in patients and controls. CONCLUSION:The impairment in visual perception of red, which was more marked in MA than in MO patients, may be related to the degree of photophobia recorded before testing. The reduced perception of blue, which only occurred in a subgroup of MO patients in the premonitory phase of the migraine attack, probably occurs through mechanisms that involve dopaminergic function. We cannot exclude the possibility that the visual stimulations induced the migraine attack in this subgroup of MO patients shortly after they were tested.

背景与目标： 目的：评估40名患有先兆偏头痛的患者（MA），40名没有先兆偏头痛的患者（MO）和40名对照组的视觉知觉。
背景：视觉感知异常是MA和MO的共同特征。
方法：我们进行了亮度和颜色中心视野检查。还评估了黑白模式反转视觉诱发电位。
结果：患者和对照组的亮度视野检查相似。相反，彩色视野检查揭示了偏头痛患者对红色的知觉受损（“定量知觉指数”）。 MA患者（P <.001）较MO患者（P <.05）更为明显，这与测试前记录的畏光程度有关。在接受测试后不久偏头痛发作的MO患者亚组也显示出明显的蓝色知觉障碍。与其他MO患者（偏头痛发作较晚）相比，该患者亚组对蓝色的知觉统计学意义较低（P <.001）。测试后，他们也有很高的不愉快感。患者和对照组的黑白视觉诱发电位相似。
结论：红色的视觉感知障碍在MA中比在MO患者中更为明显，这可能与测试前记录的畏光程度有关。仅在偏头痛发作的监测前期的MO患者亚组中出现的蓝色感降低可能是通过涉及多巴胺能功能的机制引起的。我们不能排除视觉刺激在测试后不久在MO患者这一亚组中引起偏头痛发作的可能性。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Individuals with schizophrenia experience problems in the perception of emotion throughout the course of the disorder. Few studies have addressed the progression of the deficit over time. The present investigation explores face emotion recognition (FER) performance throughout the course of schizophrenia. The aim of the study was to test the hypotheses that: 1) FER impairment was present in ultra high-risk (putatively prodromal) individuals, and that 2) impairment was stable across the course of the illness. Forty-three individuals with a putative prodromal syndrome, 50 patients with first episode of schizophrenia, 44 patients with multi-episode schizophrenia and 86 unaffected healthy control subjects were assessed to examine emotion recognition ability. ANCOVA analysis adjusted for possible confounder factors and subsequent planned contrasts with healthy controls was undertaken. The results revealed deficits in recognition of sadness and disgust in prodromal individuals, and of all negative emotions in both first-episode and multi-episode patients. Furthermore, there were no significant differences between clinical groups. Within the framework of the neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia, our results suggest the presence of emotional recognition impairment before the onset of full-blown psychosis. Moreover, the deficit remains stable over the course of illness, fitting the pattern of a vulnerability indicator in contrast to an indicator of chronicity or severity.

背景与目标： ：精神分裂症患者在整个疾病过程中都会遇到情绪感知方面的问题。很少有研究解决赤字随时间的发展。本研究探讨了精神分裂症整个过程中的面部情绪识别（FER）性能。该研究的目的是检验以下假设：1）超高风险（据说是前驱性）个体中存在FER损伤，并且2）在整个疾病过程中损伤都是稳定的。评估了43名推定的前驱综合症患者，50例首发精神分裂症患者，44例多发性精神分裂症患者和86例未受影响的健康对照者，以检查他们的情绪识别能力。调整了ANCOVA分析，以考虑可能的混杂因素，并随后计划与健康对照进行对比。结果显示，前驱患者对悲伤和厌恶的认识缺乏，对首发和多发作患者的所有负面情绪都缺乏认识。此外，各临床组之间无显着差异。在精神分裂症的神经发育模型的框架内，我们的结果表明在全面精神病发作之前存在情绪识别障碍。此外，赤字在疾病过程中保持稳定，与脆弱性指标的模式相符，与慢性或严重性指标相反。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: INTRODUCTION:Even though cognitive impairment is manifested in almost all patients with schizophrenia, the Clinical Antipsychotic Trials for Intervention Effectiveness (CATIE) study showed no significant difference between first- and second-generation psychotropic drugs in improving cognitive abilities. Discovering new drugs that can improve impaired cognition, thus, is an attractive treatment target for patients with schizophrenia. AREAS COVERED:This article briefly reviews about donepezil, a highly selective (IC(50) = 6.7 nM) centrally acting reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor that has been approved by FDA for treating cognitive deficit states such as in Alzheimer's disease and its uses in clinical trials for the treatment of schizophrenia. The literature search included PubMed and Cochrane library with the following words: donepezil, schizophrenia and cognitive impairments. EXPERT OPINION:The results of several clinical trials utilizing donepezil as an adjunct to second-generation antipsychotic drugs targeting cognitive deficits in schizophrenia subjects have been disappointing and would not lead clinicians to consider this as a potential treatment option. While longer randomized controlled trials, increase dosage and selected groups of patients at different stage of cognitive impairment may provide a better understanding of the potential for this drug in addressing cognitive deficits, results to date have not been encouraging.

背景与目标： 简介：尽管几乎所有精神分裂症患者均表现出认知障碍，但临床抗精神病药物干预效果试验（CATIE）研究显示，第一代和第二代精神药物在提高认知能力方面无显着差异。因此，对于精神分裂症患者来说，发现可以改善认知障碍的新药物是一个有吸引力的治疗目标。
涵盖的领域：本文简要回顾了多奈哌齐（一种具有高度选择性（IC（50）= 6.7 nM）的中枢可逆性乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制剂）的药物，该药物已被FDA批准用于治疗认知缺陷状态，例如阿尔茨海默氏病及其在临床试验中的用途精神分裂症的治疗。文献搜索包括PubMed和Cochrane库，其中包含以下单词：多奈哌齐，精神分裂症和认知障碍。
专家意见：利用多奈哌齐作为针对精神分裂症患者认知缺陷的第二代抗精神病药物的辅助药物的多项临床试验结果令人失望，并且不会导致临床医生将其视为潜在的治疗选择。虽然更长的随机对照试验，增加剂量和在不同阶段的认知障碍患者中选择的患者组可以更好地了解该药解决认知缺陷的潜力，但迄今为止的结果并不令人鼓舞。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:To examine the neuropsychologic profile of MELAS (mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and strokelike episodes) and relate it to neuropathologic findings. BACKGROUND:MELAS is one of over 40 mitochondrial disorders. Symptoms include seizures, strokelike episodes, headaches, memory impairment, hemianopsia, hearing loss, short stature, diffuse limb weakness, exercise intolerance, nausea, and vomiting. Age of onset ranges from 2 to 40 years. A hallmark of MELAS is normal development until the first symptoms appear. METHOD:Because information regarding the neuropsychologic functioning of these individuals is sparse, we report findings from detailed neuropsychologic evaluations for a 13-year-old white male and a 33-year-old African-American male with MELAS. RESULTS:Results revealed global patterns of deterioration in executive function, attention, language, memory, visuospatial, and motor functioning. In both patients, brain scans revealed posterior pathology in the absence of frontal pathology. CONCLUSIONS:We compared our findings with other documented cases and concluded that MELAS is characterized by a pattern of global deterioration. This pattern differs from that observed in other mitochondrial disorders. The absence of identifiable frontal lobe pathology despite the presence of deficits in executive functioning may be related to the distribution patterns of deficient mitochondria and neuronal projection patterns.

背景与目标： 目的：研究MELAS的神经心理学特征（线粒体肌病，脑病，乳酸性酸中毒和中风样发作），并将其与神经病理学发现相关联。
背景：MELAS是40多种线粒体疾病之一。症状包括癫痫发作，中风样发作，头痛，记忆力减退，偏瘫，听力下降，身材矮小，肢体弥漫无力，运动不耐受，恶心和呕吐。发病年龄为2至40岁。 MELAS的标志是正常发展，直到出现第一个症状。
方法：由于有关这些人的神经心理功能的信息稀少，因此我们报告了详细的神经心理学评估结果，这些评估是针对一名13岁的白人男性和33岁的非洲裔美国男性与MELAS进行的。
结果：结果揭示了执行功能，注意力，语言，记忆，视觉空间和运动功能下降的整体模式。在这两名患者中，脑部扫描显示在没有额叶病理的情况下为后部病理。
结论：我们将我们的发现与其他已记录的病例进行了比较，得出的结论是，MELAS的特征在于全球恶化的模式。这种模式不同于其他线粒体疾病中观察到的模式。尽管执行功能存在缺陷，但缺乏可识别的额叶病理可能与线粒体缺乏和神经元投射模式的分布模式有关。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Cerebrovascular disease (CVD) and amyloid burden are the most frequent pathologies in subjects with cognitive impairment. However, the relationship between CVD, amyloid burden, and cognition are largely unknown. We aimed to evaluate whether CVD (lacunes, white matter hyperintensities, and microbleeds) and amyloid burden (Pittsburgh compound B [PiB] retention ratio) contribute to cognitive impairment independently or interactively. We recruited 136 patients with subcortical vascular cognitive impairment who underwent magnetic resonance imaging, PiB-positron emission tomography, and neuropsychological testing. The number of lacunes was associated with memory, frontal dysfunctions, and disease severity. The volume of white matter hyperintensities and the PiB retention ratio were associated only with memory dysfunction. There was no direct correlation between CVD markers and PiB retention ratio except that the number of lacunes was negatively correlated with the PiB retention ratio. In addition, there were no interactive effects of CVD and PiB retention ratio on cognition. Our findings suggest that CVD and amyloid burden contribute independently and not interactively to specific patterns of cognitive dysfunction in patients with subcortical vascular cognitive impairment.

背景与目标： ：脑血管疾病（CVD）和淀粉样蛋白负荷是认知障碍受试者中最常见的病理。然而，CVD，淀粉样蛋白负荷和认知之间的关系在很大程度上尚不清楚。我们旨在评估CVD（内毒素，白质高信号和微出血）和淀粉样蛋白负荷（匹兹堡化合物B [PiB]保留率）是否是导致认知障碍的独立或交互作用。我们招募了136位皮层下血管性认知障碍患者，他们接受了磁共振成像，PiB-正电子发射断层扫描和神经心理学测试。腔隙的数量与记忆力，额叶功能障碍和疾病严重程度有关。白质过高的体积和PiB保留率仅与记忆功能障碍有关。 CVD标记与PiB保留率之间没有直接相关性，只是内腔数量与PiB保留率负相关。此外，CVD和PiB保留率对认知没有交互作用。我们的研究结果表明，CVD和淀粉样蛋白负荷是皮层下血管性认知障碍患者认知功能障碍特定模式的独立影响因素，而不是交互作用。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:To determine diagnostic overlap of depression, anxiety and somatization as well as their unique and overlapping contribution to functional impairment. METHOD:Two thousand ninety-one consecutive primary care clinic patients participated in a multicenter cross-sectional survey in 15 primary care clinics in the United States (participation rate, 92%). Depression, anxiety, somatization and functional impairment were assessed using validated scales from the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) (PHQ-8, eight-item depression module; GAD-7, seven-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale; and PHQ-15, 15-item somatic symptom scale) and the Short-Form General Health Survey (SF-20). Multiple linear regression analyses were used to investigate unique and overlapping associations of depression, anxiety and somatization with functional impairment. RESULTS:In over 50% of cases, comorbidities existed between depression, anxiety and somatization. The contribution of the commonalities of depression, anxiety and somatization to functional impairment substantially exceeded the contribution of their independent parts. Nevertheless, depression, anxiety and somatization did have important and individual effects (i.e., separate from their overlap effect) on certain areas of functional impairment. CONCLUSIONS:Given the large syndrome overlap, a potential consideration for future diagnostic classification would be to describe basic diagnostic criteria for a single overarching disorder and to optionally code additional diagnostic features that allow a more detailed classification into specific depressive, anxiety and somatoform subtypes.

背景与目标： 目的：确定抑郁症，焦虑症和躯体化的诊断重叠，以及它们对功能障碍的独特和重叠的贡献。
方法：在美国的15家初级保健诊所中，有291名连续的初级保健诊所患者参加了多中心横断面调查（参与率92％）。使用来自患者健康问卷（PHQ）的有效量表（PHQ-8，八项抑郁量表； GAD-7，七项广义焦虑症量表）和PHQ-15，15评估抑郁，焦虑，躯体化和功能障碍。项目躯体症状量表）和简短的一般健康状况调查表（SF-20）。多元线性回归分析用于研究抑郁，焦虑和躯体化与功能障碍的独特和重叠联系。
结果：在50％以上的病例中，抑郁，焦虑和躯体化之间存在合并症。抑郁，焦虑和躯体化的共性对功能障碍的贡献大大超过了其独立部位的贡献。然而，抑郁，焦虑和躯体化对于功能障碍的某些区域确实具有重要的个体作用（即，与它们的重叠作用分开）。
结论：鉴于大型综合症的重叠，未来诊断分类的潜在考虑因素是描述单个总体疾病的基本诊断标准，并可选地编码其他诊断特征，以更详细地分类为特定的抑郁症，焦虑症和体型亚型。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :In the present study, we investigated the effects of repeated morphine pre-treatment on impairment of spatial memory acquisition induced by intra dorsal hippocampus (intra-CA1) administration of the non-selective cannabinoid CB1/CB2 receptor agonist, WIN55,212-2 in adult male rats. 2-day version of Morris water maze task has been used for the assessment of spatial memory. On the training day, rats were trained by a single training session of eight trials and 24 h later a probe trial test consist of 60s free swim period without a platform and the visible test was administered. Animals received pre-treatment subcutaneous (s.c.) injections of morphine, once daily for three days followed by five days drug-free treatment before training trials. The results indicated that bilateral pre-training intra-CA1 infusions of WIN55,212-2 (0.25 and 0.5 μg/rat) impaired acquisition of spatial memory on the training and test day. The amnesic effect of WIN55, 212-2 (0.5 μg/rat) was prevented in rats previously injected with morphine (20 mg/kg/day × 3 days, s.c.). Improvement in spatial memory acquisition in morphine-pretreated rats was inhibited by once daily administration of naloxone (1 and 2 mg/kg, s.c.) 15 min prior to injection of morphine for three days. The results suggest that sub-chronic morphine treatment may produced sensitization to cannabinoids, which in turn reversed the impairment of spatial memory acquisition induced by WIN55,212-2 and mu- opioid receptors may play an important role in this effect.

背景与目标： ：在本研究中，我们研究了重复吗啡预处理对非选择性大麻素CB1 / CB2受体激动剂WIN55,212-2背侧海马内（intra-CA1）给药引起的空间记忆获得障碍的影响在成年雄性大鼠中。莫里斯水迷宫任务的2天版本已用于评估空间记忆。在训练当天，通过八次试验的单次训练对大鼠进行了训练，并且在24小时后，探针试验测试包括无平台的60秒钟自由游泳期，并进行了可见测试。在训练试验前，动物每天接受一次皮下（s.c.）皮下注射吗啡治疗，连续三天，然后进行五天的无毒治疗。结果表明，WIN55,212-2（0.25和0.5μg/大鼠）的双训练前CA1内输注在训练和测试当天损害了空间记忆的获取。在事先注射吗啡（20 mg / kg /天×3天，s.c.）的大鼠中，WIN55，212-2（0.5μg/大鼠）的记忆消除得到了预防。在吗啡注射3天前每天15分钟每天一次给予纳洛酮（1和2 mg / kg，皮下注射），抑制了吗啡预处理大鼠的空间记忆获得性改善。结果表明，亚慢性吗啡治疗可能对大麻素产生敏感性，从而逆转了由WIN55,212-2引起的空间记忆获得障碍，而多阿片受体可能在这种作用中起重要作用。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :We studied expressive and receptive language, oral motor ability, attention, memory, and intelligence in 20 6-year-old children with epilepsy (14 females, six males; mean age 6y 5mo, range 6y-6y 11mo) without learning disability, cerebral palsy (CP), and/or autism, and in 30 reference children without epilepsy (18 females, 12 males; mean age 6y 5mo, range 6y-6y 11mo). Ten children had partial, six primarily generalized, and four unclassified epilepsy. Fourteen were having monotherapy and six were taking two or more antiepileptic drugs; 13 children were free from seizures 3 months before the assessment. Results show no statistically significant difference between the groups concerning Verbal IQ, expressive and receptive grammar, and receptive vocabulary. The children with epilepsy had a significantly lower Performance IQ and lower scores in tests of oral motor ability, articulation, emerging literacy, auditory attention, short-term memory, and rapid word retrieval. Parent ratings revealed no significant difference in communicative ability. Polytherapy and early onset of epilepsy influenced some results. Preschool children with epilepsy without learning disability, CP, and/or autism may have receptive verbal ability within the normal range but visuoperceptual, auditory attentional, and speech-language difficulties that could affect school achievement. Careful testing of children with epilepsy who appear to be functioning within the normal range is needed because this may reveal specific impairments that require appropriate professional input.

背景与目标： ：我们研究了20名没有学习障碍的6岁癫痫儿童（14名女性，男6名；平均年龄6y 5mo，范围6y-6y 11mo）的表达和接受语言，口述运动能力，注意力，记忆力和智力，脑瘫（CP）和/或自闭症，以及30例没有癫痫的参考儿童（女性18例，男性12例；平均年龄6y 5mo，范围6y-6y 11mo）。十名儿童患有部分性癫痫，六名主要为全身性癫痫和四名未分类癫痫。十四名接受单一疗法，六名正在服用两种或更多种抗癫痫药；评估前3个月，有13名儿童没有癫痫发作。结果显示，在语言智商，表达和接受语法以及接受词汇方面，两组之间在统计学上没有显着差异。患有癫痫病的儿童在口语运动能力，清晰度，新兴素养，听觉注意，短期记忆和快速单词检索方面的测试中，智商显着降低，得分较低。父母的等级显示沟通能力没有显着差异。多种疗法和癫痫的早期发作影响了一些结果。患有癫痫病且没有学习障碍，CP和/或自闭症的学龄前儿童，其言语接受能力可能在正常范围内，但视觉，听觉，听觉和言语方面的困难可能会影响学习成绩。需要对似乎在正常范围内运行的癫痫患儿进行仔细检查，因为这可能会发现需要适当专业投入的特定障碍。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:The objective of this study was to compare functional impairments in dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and Alzheimer disease (AD) and their relationship with motor and neuropsychiatric symptoms. METHODS:The authors conducted a cross-sectional study of 84 patients with DLB or AD in a secondary care setting. Patients were diagnosed according to published criteria for DLB and AD. The Bristol Activities of Daily Living Scale (BADLS) was used to assess functional impairments. Participants were also assessed using the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (motor section), the Neuropsychiatric Inventory, and the Mini-Mental Status Examination. RESULTS:Patients with DLB were more functionally impaired and had more motor and neuropsychiatric difficulties than patients with AD with similar cognitive scores. In both AD and DLB, there were correlations between total BADLS scores and motor and neuropsychiatric deficits. There was more impairment in the mobility and self-care components of the BADLS in DLB than in AD, and in DLB, these were highly correlated with UPDRS score. In AD, orientation and instrumental BADLS components were most affected. CONCLUSION:The nature of functional disability differs between AD and DLB with additional impairments in mobility and self-care in DLB being mainly attributable to extrapyramidal motor symptoms. Consideration of these is important in assessment and management. Activities of daily living scales for use in this population should attribute the extent to which functional disabilities are related to cognitive, psychiatric, or motor dysfunction.

背景与目标： 目的：本研究的目的是比较路易体（DLB）和阿尔茨海默氏病（AD）痴呆患者的功能障碍及其与运动和神经精神症状的关系。
方法：作者进行了横断面研究，对84名患有DLB或AD的二级保健患者进行了横断面研究。根据公布的DLB和AD标准诊断出患者。布里斯托尔日常生活活动量表（BADLS）用于评估功能障碍。还使用统一帕金森氏病评分量表（运动部分），神经精神病学量表和小精神状况检查对参与者进行了评估。
结果：与认知评分相似的AD患者相比，DLB患者的功能障碍更严重，运动和神经精神障碍更大。在AD和DLB中，总BADLS评分与运动和神经精神病学缺陷之间存在相关性。与AD相比，DLB中BADLS的活动性和自我护理成分受损更多，而在DLB中，这些与UPDRS评分高度相关。在AD中，定向和工具BADLS组件受到的影响最大。
结论：AD和DLB之间功能性残疾的性质不同，DLB的活动性和自我护理方面的其他损伤主要归因于锥体外系运动症状。在评估和管理中，考虑这些因素很重要。在该人群中使用的日常生活量表的活动应归因于功能障碍与认知，精神病或运动功能障碍相关的程度。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Diabetes mellitus (DM) may give rise to cognitive impairment, but the pathological mechanism involved was still unknown. We employed streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats and test their capacity for learning and memory by three-arm radial maze. We determined the expression level of growth-associated protein-43 (GAP-43) and mitogen activated protein kinase phosphatase-1 (MKP-1) in the hippocampus by immunohistochemistry. MKP-1 mRNA level in the CA1 and dentate gyrus (DG) Hippocampal area is further determined by RT-PCR method. We also observed the ultrastructures of Hippocampal neurons by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). All data were analyzed by the independent samples t-test. Four weeks after STZ induction, the diabetic rats showed decreased capacity for learning and memory as indicated by the increase in the error number and reaction time in three-arm radial maze test. TEM results showed the ultrastructures of diabetic hippocampus, including area CA1 and DG, neurons were characterized by swollen mitochondria, increased heterochromatin accumulation and reduced synaptic contacts. The optical density as well as the positive neuron number for GAP-43 and MKP-1 decreased significantly in the CA1 and DG Hippocampal area in diabetic rats (P<0.01). RT-PCR results also showed MKP-1 mRNA in the CA1 and DG Hippocampal area was decreased in the diabetic rats. These results indicated that DM could down-regulate GAP-43 and MKP-1 expression in Hippocampal area that is in charge of memory and cognition. As indicated by our study, the changes in GAP-43 and MKP-1 expression in hippocampus may play a role in the pathogenesis of diabetic dementia.

背景与目标： ：糖尿病（DM）可能引起认知障碍，但涉及的病理机制仍不清楚。我们采用了链脲佐菌素（STZ）诱导的糖尿病大鼠，并通过三臂radial骨迷宫测试了它们的学习和记忆能力。我们通过免疫组织化学测定了海马中的生长相关蛋白43（GAP-43）和有丝分裂原活化蛋白激酶磷酸酶1（MKP-1）的表达水平。通过RT-PCR方法进一步测定CA1和齿状回（DG）海马区中的MKP-1 mRNA水平。我们还通过透射电子显微镜（TEM）观察了海马神经元的超微结构。所有数据均通过独立样本t检验进行分析。诱导STZ后四周，糖尿病大鼠的学习和记忆能力下降，这是通过三臂放射状迷宫测试中错误数和反应时间的增加来表明的。 TEM结果显示，糖尿病海马的超微结构包括CA1区和DG区，神经元的特征在于线粒体肿胀，异染色质积累增加和突触接触减少。糖尿病大鼠CA1区和DG海马区的GAP-43和MKP-1的光密度以及阳性神经元数量均显着下降（P <0.01）。 RT-PCR结果还显示，糖尿病大鼠CA1和DG海马区的MKP-1 mRNA降低。这些结果表明DM可以下调负责记忆和认知的海马区GAP-43和MKP-1的表达。正如我们的研究所表明的，海马区GAP-43和MKP-1表达的变化可能在糖尿病性痴呆的发病机理中起作用。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :We compared rates of neurocognitive impairment (NCI) among 93 Thai adults failing non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI)-based combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) before and after switching to lopinavir/ritonavir monotherapy (mLPV/r) vs. tenofovir/lamivudine/LPV/r (TDF/3TC/LPV/r). Participants completed the Color Trails 1 and 2, Digit Symbol, and Grooved Pegboard at weeks 0, 24, and 48. We calculated z-scores using normative data from 451 healthy HIV-negative Thais. We defined NCI as performance of <-1 SD on ≥2 tests. The Thai depression inventory was used to capture depressive symptoms. Lumbar puncture was optional at week 0 and 48. At baseline, median (IQR) age was 36.9 (32.8-40.5) years, and 46 % had primary school education or lower. The median CD4 count was 196 (107-292) cells/mm(3), and plasma HIV RNA was 4.1 (3.6-4.5) log(10) copies/ml. Almost all (97 %) had circulating recombinant CRF01_AE. At baseline, 20 (47 %) of the mLPV/r vs. 22 (44 %) of TDF/3TC/LPV/r arms met NCI criteria (p = 0.89). The frequency of NCI at week 48 was 30 vs. 32 % (p = 0.85) with 6 vs. 7 % (p = 0.85) developing NCI in the mLPV/r vs. TDF/3TC/LPV/r arms, respectively. Having NCI at baseline and lower education each predicted NCI at week 48. Depression scores at week 48 did not differ between arms (p = 0.47). Cerebrospinal fluid HIV RNA of <50 copies/ml at 48 weeks was observed in five out of seven in mLPV/r vs. three out of four in TDF/3TC/LPV/r arm. The rates of NCI and depression did not differ among cases failing NNRTI-based cART who received mLPV/r compared to LPV/r triple therapy.

背景与目标： ：我们比较了在使用洛匹那韦/利托那韦单药治疗（mLPV / r）与替诺福韦/拉米夫定/ LPV / r（TDF / 3TC / LPV / r）。参与者分别在第0、24和48周完成了色标1和2，数字符号和凹槽钉板。我们使用了451名健康的HIV阴性泰国人的标准数据计算了z得分。我们将NCI定义为在≥2次测试中<-1 SD的性能。泰国抑郁症调查表用来记录抑郁症状。在第0周和第48周时可以选择穿刺腰椎。在基线时，中位（IQR）年龄为36.9（32.8-40.5）岁，46％的儿童具有小学或以下学历。 CD4计数中位数为196（107-292）细胞/ mm（3），血浆HIV RNA为4.1（3.6-4.5）log（10）拷贝/ ml。几乎所有（97％）都具有循环重组CRF01_AE。在基线时，满足PV的NDF标准为20（47％）mLPV / r，而TDF / 3TC / LPV / r组为22（44％）（p = 0.89）。在第48周时，NCI的发生频率分别为30％vs. 32％（p = 0.85），其中在mLPV / r与TDF / 3TC / LPV / r组中分别有6％vs. 7％（p = 0.85）。在基线时接受NCI和接受低等教育时，每位都在第48周时预测了NCI。两组之间在48周时的抑郁评分没有差异（p = 0.47）。在48周时，mLPV / r中七分之五的脑脊液HIV RNA小于50拷贝/ ml，而TDF / 3TC / LPV / r组中四分之三。与LPV / r三联疗法相比，在接受mLPV / r的基于NNRTI的cART失败的病例中，NCI和抑郁的发生率没有差异。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Schizophrenic illnesses occur with approximately the same incidence in all human populations with a characteristic distribution (slightly earlier in males) of ages of onset. Given that the predisposition (which presumably is genetic) is associated with a procreative disadvantage why do such illnesses persist? Here it is suggested that these conditions are a manifestation of genetic diversity in the evolution of the specifically human characteristic of language, an innovation that has occurred by a process of progressive hemispheric specialization-the establishment of dominance for some critical component of language in one or the other hemisphere. Individuals who develop schizophrenic symptoms show lesser anatomical and functional asymmetries than the population as a whole; such symptoms may reflect 'dominance failure' for language.

背景与目标： 在所有人群中，精神分裂症疾病的发病率几乎相同，并且发病年龄具有特征性分布（男性稍早）。鉴于这种易感性（可能是遗传性的）与生产性劣势有关，为什么这种疾病持续存在？在此建议这些条件是语言的特定人类特征演变过程中遗传多样性的体现，这种创新是通过逐步半球专业化的过程（在一个或多个语言中确定语言的某些关键成分的主导地位）而发生的。另一个半球。与整个人群相比，出现精神分裂症症状的个体在解剖学和功能上的不对称性较小。这样的症状可能反映了语言的“统治失败”。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: 1. Studies have reported various neuropsychological abnormalities in people with excessive drinking patterns and associated problems with the assessment and treatment of this group. 2. The aim of this study was to assess the potential of a screening instrument to help detect the presence of cognitive impairment in excessive alcohol users undergoing detoxification. 3. The Memory Screening Test has potential as a screening instrument to assess clients' cognitive ability to benefit from psychoeducational material.

背景与目标： 1.研究报告了过度饮酒的人的各种神经心理异常情况，以及与该人群的评估和治疗有关的问题。 2.这项研究的目的是评估筛查仪器的潜力，以帮助检测正在接受排毒的过量酒精使用者中认知障碍的存在。 3.记忆筛查测试有潜力作为一种筛查工具，用于评估客户从心理教育材料中受益的认知能力。