BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Cardiac autonomic dysfunction (CAD) has been reported in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). This systematic review summarizes the evidence for the types and prevalence of CAD in MS patients, as well as its association with MS type, disease characteristics, fatigue and immunotherapies used to treat MS. The analysis revealed that CAD is correlated with pathophysiological processes of MS, can trigger serious cardiovascular complications that may reduce life expectancy, and may have implications for treatment with immunotherapies, especially fingolimod. Numerous mainly small case-control or cohort studies have reported various measures of CAD (particularly heart rate variation) in MS patients, showing higher rates of abnormality versus controls. A smaller number of studies have reported on cardiac autonomic symptoms in MS, including orthostatic intolerance/dizziness in around 50% of patients. CAD also appears to be associated with disease duration and to be more common in progressive than relapsing-remitting MS. However, although a substantial evidence base suggests that assessing CAD in people with MS may be important, standardised methods to evaluate CAD in these patients have not yet been established. In addition, no studies have yet looked at whether treating CAD can reduce the burden of MS symptoms, disease activity or the rate of progression.

背景与目标： ：多发性硬化症（MS）患者有心脏自主神经功能障碍（CAD）的报道。这项系统的综述总结了MS患者CAD的类型和患病率的证据，以及其与MS类型，疾病特征，疲劳和用于治疗MS的免疫疗法的关联。分析表明，CAD与MS的病理生理过程相关，可引发严重的心血管并发症，可能会缩短预期寿命，并且可能对免疫疗法（尤其是芬戈莫德）的治疗产生影响。许多主要的小病例对照研究或队列研究报告了MS患者的各种CAD指标（尤其是心率变异），显示出异常率高于对照组。少数研究报道了MS的心脏自主神经症状，包括约50％的患者体位性不耐受/头晕。 CAD也似乎与疾病持续时间有关，并且在进展性疾病中比复发缓解型MS更常见。但是，尽管有大量的证据表明评估MS患者的CAD可能很重要，但尚未建立评估这些患者CAD的标准化方法。此外，尚无研究探讨治疗CAD是否可以减轻MS症状，疾病活动或进展速度的负担。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Coronary artery disease is a major cause of morbidity and mortality among adults worldwide, including China. After a hospital stay, transitional care could help to ensure improved patient care and outcomes, and reduce Medicare costs. Nevertheless, the results of the existing transitional care are not always satisfactory and our knowledge of how to perform effective transitional care for patients with coronary artery disease is limited in mainland China. OBJECTIVES:To examine the effectiveness of a nurse-led transitional care program on clinical outcomes, health-related knowledge, and physical and mental health status among Chinese patients with coronary artery disease. DESIGN:Randomized controlled trial. METHODS:The Omaha system and Pender's health promoting model were employed in planning and implementing this nurse-led transitional care program. The sample was comprised of 199 Chinese patients with coronary artery disease. The experimental group (n=100) received nurse-led transitional care intervention in addition to routine care. The nurse-led transitional care intervention included a structured assessment and health education, followed by 7 months of individual teaching and coaching (home visits, telephone follow-up and group activity). The control group (n=99) received a comparable length routine care and follow-up contacts. Evaluations were conducted at baseline and completion of the interventions using the perceived knowledge scale for coronary heart disease, the medical outcomes study 36-item short-form health survey and clinical measures (blood pressure, blood glucose, lipids, body mass index). Data were collected between March and October 2014. RESULTS:Compared with the control group, participants in the experimental group showed significant better clinical outcomes (systolic blood pressure, t=5.762, P=0.000; diastolic blood pressure, t=4.250, P=0.000; fasting blood glucose, t=2.249, P=0.027; total cholesterol, t=4.362, P=0.000; triglyceride, t=3.147, P=0.002; low density lipoprotein cholesterol, t=2.399, P=0.018; and body mass index, t=3.166, P=0.002), higher knowledge scores for coronary artery disease (total knowledge score, t=-7.099, P=0.000), better physical health status (t=-2.503, P=0.014) and mental health status (t=-2.950, P=0.004). CONCLUSIONS:This study provides evidence for the value of a nurse-led transitional care program using both the Omaha system and Pender's health promoting model as its theoretical framework. The structured interventions in this nurse-led transitional care program facilitate the use of this program in other settings.

背景与目标： 背景：冠状动脉疾病是包括中国在内的世界各地成年人发病和死亡的主要原因。住院后，过渡护理可以帮助确保改善患者护理和结局，并降低医疗保险成本。然而，现有的过渡治疗的结果并不总是令人满意的，在中国大陆，我们对如何为冠心病患者进行有效的过渡治疗的知识是有限的。
目的：探讨由护士主导的过渡护理计划对中国冠心病患者的临床结局，健康相关知识以及身心健康状况的有效性。
设计：随机对照试验。
方法：奥马哈系统和Pender的健康促进模型被用于计划和实施由护士主导的过渡护理计划。样本包括199名中国冠心病患者。除常规护理外，实验组（n = 100）还接受了护士主导的过渡护理干预。由护士主导的过渡护理干预包括结构化评估和健康教育，然后是7个月的个人教学和辅导（上门拜访，电话随访和小组活动）。对照组（n = 99）接受了相当长度的常规护理和随访。在基线和干预措施完成时使用已知的冠心病知识量表，医学成果研究36个项目的简短健康调查和临床指标（血压，血糖，血脂，体重指数）进行评估。数据是在2014年3月至2014年10月之间收集的。
结果：与对照组相比，实验组参与者表现出明显更好的临床结局（收缩压，t = 5.762，P = 0.000；舒张压，t = 4.250，P = 0.000；空腹血糖，t = 2.249 ，P = 0.027；总胆固醇，t = 4.362，P = 0.000；甘油三酸酯，t = 3.147，P = 0.002；低密度脂蛋白胆固醇，t = 2.399，P = 0.018；体重指数，t = 3.166，P = 0.002），对冠心病的知识得分更高（总知识得分，t = -7.099，P = 0.000），更好的身体健康状况（t = -2.503，P = 0.014）和心理健康状况（t = -2.950，P = 0.004）。
结论：本研究提供了以奥马哈体系和彭德健康促进模型为理论框架的护士主导的过渡护理计划的价值的证据。该由护士主导的过渡护理计划中的结构化干预措施有助于在其他环境中使用该计划。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The end of the twentieth century and the beginning of the twenty-first century are marked by technology revolution and strategic changes in organizations. Strategies such as the e-learning, has been used for training human resources. This study aimed to compare the knowledge acquired among groups of nurses who used e-learning and those who undergone a traditional classroom training. The true-experimental design was used followed by a quantitative analysis. This study was performed at the Hospital and Maternity São Luiz. The study population was composed by 60 nurses, randomly assigned to two groups, named A and B. Group A received the traditional classroom training and group B received the computer-assisted training. In the data collection, participants filled in a questionnaire before and after the training to evaluate their knowledge and to characterize the population. Results showed there was an equal acquisition of knowledge in both groups; confirming the efficacy of both methods.

背景与目标： ：二十世纪末和二十一世纪初是技术革命和组织战略变革的标志。电子学习等策略已用于培训人力资源。这项研究旨在比较使用在线学习的护士和接受过传统课堂培训的护士之间获得的知识。使用真实实验设计，然后进行定量分析。这项研究是在圣路易斯医院和孕妇医院进行的。研究人群由60名护士组成，随机分为两组，分别为A和B。A组接受了传统的课堂培训，B组接受了计算机辅助培训。在数据收集中，参与者在培训前后填写了问卷，以评估他们的知识并表征人群。结果表明，两组的知识获取量均相等。确认两种方法的功效。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Research findings become evidence when an individual decides that the information is relevant and useful to a particular circumstance. Prior to that point, they are unrelated facts. For research translation to occur, research evidence needs filtering, interpretation, and application by individuals to the specific situation. For this reason, decision science is complementary to knowledge translation science. Both aim to support the individual in deciding the most appropriate action in a dynamic environment where there are masses of uncensored and nonprioritized information readily available. Decision science employs research theories to study the cognitive processes underpinning the filtering and integration of current scientific information into changing contexts. Two meta-theories, coherence and correspondence theories, have been used to provide alternative views and prompt significant debate to advance the science. The aim of this article is to stimulate debate about the relationship between decision theory and knowledge translation. Discussed is the critical role of cognition in clinical decision making, with a focus on knowledge translation. A critical commentary of the knowledge utilization modeling papers is presented from a decision science perspective. The article concludes with a discussion on the implications for knowledge translation when viewed through the lens of decision science.

背景与目标： ：当个人认为某项信息与特定情况相关且有用时，研究结果便成为证据。在此之前，它们是无关的事实。为了进行研究翻译，研究证据需要个人对特定情况进行过滤，解释和应用。因此，决策科学是知识翻译科学的补充。两者都旨在支持个人在动态环境中决定最合适的行动，在动态环境中，有大量未经审查和未经优先处理的信息随时可用。决策科学采用研究理论来研究认知过程，这些认知过程将当前的科学信息过滤和整合到不断变化的环境中。连贯和对应理论这两种元理论已被用来提供替代观点，并引发了重要的辩论，以推动科学的发展。本文的目的是激发关于决策理论与知识翻译之间关系的争论。讨论的是认知在临床决策中的关键作用，重点是知识翻译。从决策科学的角度介绍了有关知识利用建模论文的重要评论。本文以决策科学的视角对知识转换的含义进行了讨论。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVES:To test an educational intervention designed to improve lactation knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs of NICU nurses and to improve their intentions to provide mothers with lactation support. DESIGN:Quasi-experimental, time-series pretest/posttest. SETTING:NICU of a Midwestern, free-standing, tertiary-care children's hospital. PARTICIPANTS:Convenience sample of 64 NICU nurses and 2 separate convenience samples of mothers of infants hospitalized in the NICU (n=19 and 13, respectively). METHODS:Nurses were measured on study outcomes at multiple time points, beginning with 2 weeks before and ending at 3 months after attendance to a 4-hour educational program. Mothers were sampled before and 3 months after the intervention. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S):Nurses' lactation knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and intentions to support lactation and mothers' perceptions of lactation support in the NICU. RESULTS:Findings suggest that this educational intervention was effective for improving NICU nurses' lactation knowledge and attitudes, and that these improvements were maintained over time. Further, the supportive atmosphere for lactation in this NICU significantly improved following the implementation of the educational intervention for nurses. CONCLUSION:Intermittent, short educational programs which include practical how-to's and motivational encouragement for staff may provide the empowerment nurses need in order to be supportive of lactation.

背景与目标： 目的：测试一项旨在改善新生儿重症监护病房（NICU）护士的哺乳知识，态度和信念，并改善其为母亲提供哺乳支持的意图的教育干预措施。
设计：准实验性，时间序列的前测/后测。
地点：中西部独立式三级儿童医院的NICU。
参与者：64位新生儿重症监护病房护士的便利性样本和在新生儿重症监护病房住院的婴儿母亲的2个单独的便利性样本（分别为n = 19和13）。
方法：从多个时间点（从参加4小时教育计划的前2周开始到结束3个月后）对学习结局进行测量。在干预前和干预后三个月对母亲进行了采样。
主要观察指标：护士对哺乳的知识，态度，信念和意图，以及母亲对新生儿重症监护病房的哺乳支持的看法。
结果：研究结果表明，这种教育干预措施可有效改善重症监护病房护士的哺乳知识和态度，并且随着时间的流逝，这些改善措施得以保持。此外，在实施护士教育干预后，该新生儿重症监护室（NICU）的哺乳支持气氛得到了显着改善。
结论：间歇性，短期的教育计划包括实用的操作方法和对员工的激励性鼓励，可以为护士提供支持哺乳所需的能力。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Graphs are powerful structures able to capture topological and semantic information from data, hence suitable for modelling a plethora of real-world (complex) systems. For this reason, graph-based pattern recognition gained a lot of attention in recent years. In this paper, a general-purpose classification system in the graphs domain is presented. When most of the information of the available patterns can be encoded in edge labels, an information granulation-based approach is highly discriminant and allows for the identification of semantically meaningful edges. The proposed classification system has been tested on the entire set of organisms (5299) for which metabolic networks are known, allowing for both a perfect mirroring of the underlying taxonomy and the identification of most discriminant metabolic reactions and pathways. The widespread diffusion of graph (network) structures in biology makes the proposed pattern recognition approach potentially very useful in many different fields of application. More specifically, the possibility to have a reliable metric to compare different metabolic systems is instrumental in emerging fields like microbiome analysis and, more in general, for proposing metabolic networks as a universal phenotype spanning the entire tree of life and in direct contact with environmental cues.

背景与目标： ：Graphs是强大的结构，能够从数据中捕获拓扑和语义信息，因此适合于对大量现实世界（复杂）系统进行建模。因此，近年来，基于图形的模式识别备受关注。本文提出了一种图形领域的通用分类系统。当可用模式的大多数信息都可以在边缘标签中编码时，基于信息粒度的方法就具有很高的判别力，并且可以识别语义上有意义的边缘。拟议的分类系统已在已知代谢网络的整个有机体（5299）上进行了测试，既可以完美地反映基础分类学，又可以识别大多数判别性代谢反应和途径。图（网络）结构在生物学中的广泛传播使所提出的模式识别方法在许多不同的应用领域中非常有用。更具体地说，在微生物组分析等新兴领域，拥有可靠的度量标准来比较不同代谢系统的可能性非常重要，并且更广泛地说，对于将代谢网络作为跨越整个生命树并与环境线索直接接触的通用表型提出建议。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Maternal mortality, of which 6.7% is attributable to abortion complications, remains high in Mozambique. The objective of this paper is to assess the level of induced abortion at the community, as well as to assess awareness of and attitudes towards the new abortion law among women of reproductive age in suburban areas of Maputo and Quelimane cities. METHODS:A cross-sectional household survey among women aged 15-49 years in Maputo and Quelimane cities was conducted using a multi-stage clustered sampling design. Data on sociodemographic characteristics, maternal outcomes, contraceptive use, knowledge and attitudes towards the new abortion law were collected. Bivariate and multiple logistic regression analysis using the complex samples procedure in SPSS were applied. RESULTS:A total of 1657 women (827 Maputo and 830 Quelimane) were interviewed between August 2016 and February 2017. The mean age was 27 years; 45.7% were married and 75.5% had ever been pregnant. 9.2% of the women reported having had an induced abortion, of which 20.0% (17) had unsafe abortion. Of the respondents, 28.8% knew the new legal status of abortion. 17% thought that the legalization of abortion was beneficial to women's health. Having ever been pregnant, being unmarried, student, Muslim, as well as residing in Maputo were associated with higher odds of having knowledge of the new abortion law. CONCLUSION:Reports of abortion appear to be low compared to other studies from Sub-Saharan African countries. Furthermore, respondents demonstrated limited knowledge of the abortion law. Social factors such as education status, religion, residence in a large city as well as pregnancy history were associated with having knowledge of the abortion law. Only a small percentage of women perceived abortion as beneficial to women's health. There is a need for widespread sensitization about the new law and its benefits.

背景与目标： 背景：莫桑比克的孕产妇死亡率仍然很高，其中6.7％归因于流产并发症。本文的目的是评估社区人工流产的水平，并评估马普托和奎利曼市郊区的育龄妇女对新堕胎法的认识和态度。
方法：采用多阶段聚类抽样设计，对马普托和奎利曼内城市15-49岁的女性进行了横断面家庭调查。收集了有关社会人口学特征，孕产妇结局，使用避孕药具，对新的堕胎法的了解和态度的数据。应用了在SPSS中使用复杂样本程序进行的双变量和多元logistic回归分析。
结果：2016年8月至2017年2月，共采访了1657名女性（827名马普托和830名Quelimane）。平均年龄为27岁。已婚者占45.7％，曾怀孕者占75.5％。 9.2％的妇女报告了人工流产，其中20.0％（17）的妇女不安全流产。在受访者中，有28.8％的人知道堕胎的新法律地位。 17％的人认为堕胎合法化对妇女的健康有益。曾经怀孕，未婚，学生，穆斯林以及居住在马普托的人与了解新的堕胎法的可能性更高。
结论：与来自撒哈拉以南非洲国家的其他研究相比，堕胎的报道似乎很少。此外，受访者对流产法的了解有限。社会因素，例如受教育程度，宗教信仰，在大城市的居住状况以及怀孕史，都与了解堕胎法有关。只有一小部分妇女认为堕胎有益于妇女的健康。有必要对新法律及其益处进行广泛的宣传。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: INTRODUCTION:This study aims to establish the Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices (KAP) of the general population (people with and without diabetes) towards diabetes. The study will examine (a) recognition and understanding of causes, prevention and treatment strategies of diabetes; (b) identify the knowledge gaps and behavioural patterns that may hamper diabetes prevention and control; (c) stigma towards and stigma perceived by people with diabetes and (d) awareness of anti-diabetes campaigns. METHODS AND ANALYSIS:The study is a nationwide, cross-sectional study of Singapore's general population aged 18 years and above (n=3000), comprising Chinese, Malay, Indian and other ethnic groups, who can understand English, Chinese, Malay or Tamil language. The sample was derived using a disproportionate stratified sampling using age and ethnicity. The proportion of respondents in each ethnic group (Chinese, Malay and Indian) was set to approximately 30%, while the proportion of respondents in each age group was set around 20% in order to ensure a sufficient sample size. The respondents will be administered questionnaires on diabetes KAP, stigma towards diabetes, lifestyle, diet and awareness of local anti-diabetes campaigns. The analysis will include descriptive statistics and multiple logistic and linear regression analyses to determine the socio-demographic correlates of correct recognition of diabetes, help-seeking preferences, as well as overall knowledge and attitudes among those with and without diabetes. We will consider a p value ≤0.05 as significant. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION:This study protocol has been reviewed by the Institutional Research Review Committee and the National Healthcare Group Domain Specific Review Board (NHG DSRB Ref 2018/00430). The results of the study will be shared with policymakers and other stakeholders. There will be a local mass media briefing to disseminate the findings online, in print and on television and radio. The results will be published in peer-reviewed journals and presented in scientific meetings.

背景与目标： 简介：本研究旨在建立普通人群（患有和不患有糖尿病的人）对糖尿病的知识，态度和实践（KAP）。这项研究将检查（a）对糖尿病的病因，预防和治疗策略的认识和理解； （b）找出可能妨碍糖尿病预防和控制的知识差距和行为方式； （c）对糖尿病患者的污名和耻辱感；以及（d）对抗糖尿病运动的认识。
方法和分析：该研究是一项全国性的横断面研究，涉及新加坡华裔，马来人，印度人和其他种族的18岁及以上（n = 3000）的普通人群，他们能够理解英语，中文，马来语或泰米尔语语。该样本是根据年龄和种族使用不成比例的分层抽样得出的。为了确保足够的样本量，每个族裔（中国，马来人和印度裔）的受访者比例设定为大约30％，而每个年龄组的受访者比例设定为20％左右。将对受访者进行有关糖尿病KAP，对糖尿病的污名，生活方式，饮食和对当地抗糖尿病运动意识的问卷调查。该分析将包括描述性统计数据以及多元逻辑和线性回归分析，以确定正确识别糖尿病，寻求帮助的偏好以及在患有或不患有糖尿病的人群中的总体知识和态度的社会人口统计学相关性。我们认为p值≤0.05是有意义的。
道德与传播：本研究方案已由机构研究审查委员会和国家医疗保健集团领域特定审查委员会（NHG DSRB Ref 2018/00430）进行了审查。研究结果将与决策者和其他利益相关者共享。将在当地进行大众媒体简报，以在线，印刷形式以及在电视和广播上传播调查结果。研究结果将发表在同行评审的期刊上，并在科学会议上发表。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Species of the genus Bartonella are involved in an increasing variety of human diseases. In addition to the 14 currently recognized species, several Bartonella strains have been recovered from a wide range of wild and domestic mammals in Europe and America. Such a high diversity of geographic distributions, animal reservoirs, arthropod vectors and pathogenic properties makes clarification of our knowledge about the phylogeny of Bartonella species necessary. Phylogenetic data have been inferred mainly from 16S rDNA, 16S--23S rRNA intergenic spacer, citrate synthase and 60 kDa heat-shock protein gene sequences, which are available in GenBank. Comparison of phylogenetic organizations obtained from various genes allowed six statistically significant evolutionary clusters to be identified. Bartonella bacilliformis and Bartonella clarridgeiae appear to be divergent species. Bartonella henselae, Bartonella koehlerae and Bartonella quintana cluster together, as well as Bartonella vinsonii subsp. vinsonii and B. vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii. The fifth group includes bacteria isolated from various rodents that belong to native species from the New World and in the sixth, Bartonella tribocorum, Bartonella elizabethae and Bartonella grahamii are grouped with several strains associated with Old World indigenous rodents. The position of the other species could not be consistently determined. As some cat- or rodent-associated Bartonella appeared to cluster together, it has been suggested that these bacteria and their reservoir hosts may co-evolve. Lack of host specificity, however, seems to be frequent and may reflect the influence of vector specificity. Host or vector specificity may also explain the current geographic distribution of Bartonella species.

背景与目标： 巴尔通体属的物种涉及越来越多的人类疾病。除了目前公认的14个物种外，还从欧美的各种野生和家养哺乳动物中回收了几种Bartonella菌株。如此高的地理分布，动物储集层，节肢动物载体和致病特性，使得我们需要了解巴尔通体物种的系统发育知识。系统发育数据主要从GenBank中提供的16S rDNA，16S--23S rRNA基因间隔子，柠檬酸合酶和60 kDa热激蛋白基因序列推论得出。比较从各种基因获得的系统发育组织，可以鉴定出六个具有统计学意义的进化簇。细菌杆菌巴尔通体和克拉氏巴尔通体似乎是不同的物种。亨氏巴尔通体，科氏巴尔通体和金塔巴尔通体以及vintonii巴尔通体亚种聚集在一起。 vinsonii和B. vinsonii子亚种。伯霍菲（Berkhoffii）。第五类包括从新世界的本地物种的各种啮齿动物中分离出的细菌，第六类中的Tritoncorum，Bartonella elizabethae和Barhamella grahamii则与与旧大陆土著啮齿类动物相关的几种菌株归为一类。其他物种的位置无法一致确定。由于某些与猫或啮齿类动物有关的巴尔通体似乎聚集在一起，因此表明这些细菌及其储藏宿主可能共同进化。然而，缺乏宿主特异性似乎很常见，可能反映了载体特异性的影响。宿主或载体的特异性也可能解释了巴尔通体物种的当前地理分布。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Computational prediction methods for peptide binding to human leukocyte antigen (HLA) molecules have played an instrumental role in the development of epitope-based vaccines. These methods are based on experimentally verified peptides. However, the available peptide data continue increasing and contain significant biases. In this study, we report the feedback effect of peptide data on a frequently used matrix-based prediction method. We implemented the weighted and unweighted models of this method and evaluated the relative performance of the two models on several benchmark datasets. Improvements on both models were obtained by optimizing the components of a training dataset based on the effect of peptide data on the performance of prediction models. Moreover, the variation of the relative performance of the weighted and unweighted models with the evaluated data indicated that the increased number of binding peptides required the modification of the predictive engine. Our results suggest that prediction methods for HLA-binding peptides should be updated as HLA-peptide-binding knowledge increases.

背景与目标： ：肽与人白细胞抗原（HLA）分子结合的计算预测方法在基于表位的疫苗开发中发挥了重要作用。这些方法基于经过实验验证的肽。然而，可用的肽数据继续增加并且包含明显的偏差。在这项研究中，我们报告了肽数据对基于矩阵的常用预测方法的反馈作用。我们实现了此方法的加权和非加权模型，并在几个基准数据集上评估了这两个模型的相对性能。通过基于肽数据对预测模型性能的影响优化训练数据集的组成部分，可以对两个模型进行改进。此外，加权和未加权模型的相对性能随评估数据的变化表明，结合肽数量的增加需要修改预测引擎。我们的结果表明，应随着HLA肽结合知识的增加而更新HLA结合肽的预测方法。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The purpose of this investigation was to assess nutrition knowledge, opinions, and practices of coaches and trainers at a Division I university. Participants (n = 53) completed questionnaires regarding nutrition knowledge, opinions, and practices. Descriptive statistics and analysis of variance were used to analyze data. Overall, participants responded correctly to 67% of nutrition knowledge questions. Participants who coached/trained female athletes tended to score better than respondents who coached/trained male athletes. Strength and conditioning coaches and participants with greater than 15 years of experience scored higher than other participants. Nutrition opinions/practices responses revealed that nutritional supplements were provided for all but 6% of participants' athletes. Participants rated body weight as more important than body composition to athletes' performances. Over 30% of participants perceived at least one case of disordered eating within the past year. Some participants (53%) felt that athletes may consume more nutritious meals on team-sponsored trips if given larger food allowances. Thirty percent of participants reported dietitians were available to them; the same percentage reported utilizing dietitians. Coaches and trainers are knowledgeable about some appropriate nutritional recommendations, but registered dietitians or qualified sports nutrition professionals may complement the nutrition-related education and counseling of athletes (23).

背景与目标： ：这项调查的目的是评估I类大学的教练和培训师的营养知识，见解和实践。参与者（n = 53）完成了有关营养知识，意见和实践的问卷调查。描述性统计和方差分析用于分析数据。总体而言，参与者正确回答了67％的营养知识问题。教练/训练过的女运动员的得分要比教练/训练过的男运动员的得分高。具有超过15年经验的力量和条件教练和参与者的得分高于其他参与者。营养意见/做法回应显示，除了6％的参与者运动员外，所有其他人都提供了营养补充品。参与者认为体重对运动员的表现比身体组成更为重要。在过去的一年中，超过30％的参与者感知到至少一例饮食失调的情况。一些参与者（53％）认为，如果给与更多的食物津贴，运动员可能会在团体赞助的旅行中食用更多的营养餐。 30％的参与者报告称有营养师可用。报告使用营养师的比例相同。教练和教练员对某些适当的营养建议非常了解，但是注册营养师或合格的运动营养专业人员可以补充运动员的营养相关教育和咨询（23）。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :We examined the role of schema knowledge in everyday action by assessing the use of unfamiliar implements by patients with subcortical and frontal lobe damage. Although the patients were relatively good at naming or showing how the unfamiliar implements could be used outside of the task context, the patients omitted using the objects in everyday life tasks more often than control participants--either omitting the action step involving the objects or performing the action using a familiar object that was not normally used for this purpose. The data suggest that knowledge about objects in the context of a task can play a determining role in how objects are used in everyday action. In patients with reduced attentional resources, the task schema can over-ride weak bottom-up cueing of action from the objects, with the result that unfamiliar implements are not used.

背景与目标： ：我们通过评估皮下和额叶损伤患者对陌生工具的使用情况，评估了图解知识在日常活动中的作用。尽管患者相对擅长命名或展示如何在任务范围之外使用不熟悉的工具，但患者在日常生活任务中比控制参与者更倾向于不使用这些对象-要么省略涉及对象的动作步骤，要么执行使用通常不用于此目的的熟悉对象执行操作。数据表明，在任务上下文中有关对象的知识可以在日常操作中如何使用对象中发挥决定性作用。在注意力资源减少的患者中，任务模式可能会覆盖对象对动作的自下而上的弱提示，从而导致不使用不熟悉的工具。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Extracorporeal Photochemotherapy (ECP) is a widely applied anti-cancer immunotherapy for patients with cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL). By using apoptotic malignant cells as a source of patient-specific tumor antigen, it enables clinically relevant and curative anti-CTCL immunity, with potential efficacy in other tumors. Currentmethods to track patient-specific responses are tedious, and new methods are needed to assess putative global immunity. We developed a clinically practical method to assess antigen-specific T cell activation that does not rely on knowledge of the particular antigen, thereby eliminating the requirement for patient-specific reagents. In the OT-I transgenic murine system, we quantified calcium flux to reveal early T cell engagement by antigen presenting cells constitutively displaying a model antigenic peptide, ovalbumin (OVA)-derived SIINFEKL. We detected calcium flux in OVA-specific T cells, triggered by specific T cell receptor engagement by SIINFEKL peptide-loaded DC. This approach led to sensitive detection of antigen-specific calcium flux (ACF) down to a peptide-loading concentration of ∼10-3uM and at a frequency of ∼0.1% OT-I cells among wild-type (WT), non-responding cells. Antigen-specific T cells were detected in spleen, lymph nodes, and peripheral blood after adoptive transfer into control recipient mice. Methods like this for assessing therapeutic response are lacking in patients currently on immune-based therapies, such as ECP, where assessment of clinical response is made by delayed measurement of the size of the malignant clone. These findings suggest an early, practical way to measure therapeutically-induced anti-tumor responses in ECP-treated patients that have been immunized against their malignant cells.

背景与目标： ：体外光化学疗法（ECP）是针对皮肤T细胞淋巴瘤（CTCL）患者的广泛应用的抗癌免疫疗法。通过使用凋亡性恶性细胞作为患者特异性肿瘤抗原的来源，它可以实现临床相关且可治愈的抗CTCL免疫力，并在其他肿瘤中具有潜在的疗效。追踪患者特定反应的当前方法是乏味的，并且需要新的方法来评估推定的总体免疫力。我们开发了一种临床实用的方法来评估抗原特异性T细胞活化，该方法不依赖于特定抗原的知识，从而消除了对患者特异性试剂的需求。在OT-I转基因鼠类系统中，我们量化钙通量以揭示抗原呈递细胞的早期T细胞参与，该抗原呈递细胞组成性地显示模型性抗原肽，卵清蛋白（OVA）衍生的SIINFEKL。我们检测到OVA特异性T细胞中的钙通量，这是由SIINFEKL肽负载的DC特异性T细胞受体参与触发的。这种方法导致灵敏地检测到抗原特异性钙通量（ACF），低至约10-3uM的肽负载浓度，并且在野生型（WT）中的OT-I细胞频率约为0.1％，无反应细胞。过继转移到对照小鼠体内后，在脾脏，淋巴结和外周血中检测到抗原特异性T细胞。当前在基于免疫疗法的患者（例如ECP）中缺乏用于评估治疗反应的方法，其中通过延迟测量恶性克隆的大小来评估临床反应。这些发现提示了一种早期，实用的方法，可以测量已针对其恶性细胞进行免疫接种的ECP治疗患者的治疗诱导的抗肿瘤反应。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) surveys regarding zoonotic diseases are crucial to understanding the extent of knowledge among citizens and for guiding health-related education programs. METHOD:Employing a structured questionnaire, we interviewed residents (n = 388) in three districts of northern Tanzania (Karatu n = 128, Monduli n = 114, Babati n = 146) to assess knowledge, attitudes and reported practices regarding three zoonotic diseases that occur in the region (anthrax, brucellosis, and rabies). We used generalized linear mixed effects models and multi-model inference to identify demographic correlates of knowledge. RESULTS:Proportional average district- and disease- specific knowledge scores ranged from 0.14-0.61. We found positive correlations between age and knowledge of symptoms, causes and treatments of anthrax (three districts), brucellosis (three districts), and rabies (one district). Gender, ethnic identity, formal education and ownership of livestock or dogs had variable effects on knowledge among the interviewed population. Risk perceptions regarding different diseases varied across districts and were positively correlated with knowledge of the specific diseases. Direct interactions with livestock and domestic dogs were reported to occur across all demographic groups, suggesting that most people living in rural settings of our study area are potentially exposed to zoonotic diseases. Behaviors which may favor transmission of specific pathogens (such as consumption of raw milk or meat) were occasionally reported and varied by district. Wildlife was generally regarded as negative or neutral with regard to overall veterinary and human health. CONCLUSION:The combination of variable knowledge about zoonotic diseases in the three districts, reported occurrence of practices that are conducive to pathogen transmission, and previously documented circulation of pathogens causing anthrax, brucellosis and rabies in our study system, call for health education programs embedded in a holistic One Health approach.

背景与目标： 背景：关于人畜共患病的知识，态度和实践（KAP）调查对于理解公民之间的知识范围以及指导与健康相关的教育计划至关重要。
方法：采用结构化问卷，我们采访了坦桑尼亚北部三个地区的居民（n = 388），评估了三种人畜共患病的知识，态度和所报告的做法，这些知识涉及三种人畜共患病发生在该地区（炭疽，布鲁氏菌病和狂犬病）。我们使用广义线性混合效应模型和多模型推理来识别知识的人口统计相关性。
结果：地区和疾病特定知识的平均比例分数范围为0.14-0.61。我们发现年龄与症状知识，炭疽病（三个地区），布鲁氏菌病（三个地区）和狂犬病（一个地区）的知识，成因和治疗之间存在正相关。性别，种族身份，正规教育和牲畜或狗的所有权对受访者的知识产生了不同的影响。关于不同疾病的风险认知因地区而异，并且与特定疾病的知识呈正相关。据报道，在所有人口统计群体中，牲畜和家犬都有直接的相互作用，这表明大多数居住在我们研究区域农村地区的人都可能患有人畜共患病。偶尔报告了可能有利于特定病原体传播的行为（例如食用生牛奶或肉），并且各地区有所不同。在整个兽医和人类健康方面，野生生物通常被认为是消极的或中立的。
结论：结合三个地区对人畜共患疾病的可变知识，报告了有利于病原体传播的实践的发生，以及先前在我们的研究系统中记录了引起炭疽，布鲁氏菌病和狂犬病的病原体的传播，呼吁建立健康教育计划一种整体的“一站式”治疗方法。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :For adolescent athletes (14-18 years), data on sport nutrition knowledge, behaviors and beliefs are limited, especially based on sex, race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status. High school soccer players (n = 535; 55% female; 51% White, 41% Latino; 41% National School Lunch Program (NSLP) participants (80% Latino)) completed two questionnaires (demographic/health history and sport nutrition). The sport nutrition knowledge score was 45.6% with higher scores in NSLP-Whites vs. NSLP-Latinos (p < 0.01). Supplement knowledge differed by sex (16% lower in females; p = 0.047) and race/ethnicity (33% lower in Latinos; p < 0.001). Breakfast consumption was 57%; females ate breakfast less (50%) than males (60%; p < 0.001); NSLP-participants ate breakfast less (47%) than non-NSLP (62%; p < 0.001). Supplement use was 46%, with Latinos using more supplements than Whites do (p = 0.016). Overall, 30% used protein shakes, with females using less than males (p = 0.02), while use was twice as likely in Latino vs. White (p = 0.03). Overall, 45% reported their nutrient requirements were different from non-athlete peers. Latinos were less likely (p = 0.03) to report that their diet met nutritional requirements, but more than twice as likely to report that nutritional supplements were necessary for training (p < 0.001). Adolescent athletes, especially females and Latinos, would benefit from sport nutrition education that enhances food selection skills for health and sport performance.

背景与目标： ：对于青少年运动员（14-18岁），有关运动营养知识，行为和信念的数据有限，尤其是基于性别，种族/族裔和社会经济地位的数据。高中足球运动员（n = 535；女性55％；白人51％，拉丁裔41％；国家学校午餐计划（NSLP）参与者41％（拉丁裔80％））填写了两个调查表（人口统计/健康史和运动营养）。运动营养知识得分为45.6％，其中NSLP-Whites和NSLP-Latinos得分更高（p <0.01）。补充知识因性别（女性低16％； p = 0.047）和种族/民族（拉丁裔低33％； p <0.001）而有所不同。早餐消费为57％；女性吃早餐的比例（50％）少于男性（60％； p <0.001）；与非NSLP参与者相比，NSLP参与者所吃的早餐更少（47％）（62％； p <0.001）。补充剂的使用率为46％，拉丁美洲人使用的补充剂比白人多（p = 0.016）。总体而言，使用蛋白质奶昔的比例为30％，女性使用的蛋白质奶昔少于男性（p = 0.02），而拉丁裔的使用量是白人的两倍（p = 0.03）。总体而言，有45％的人报告其营养需求与非运动员同龄人不同。拉丁美洲人报告其饮食满足营养要求的可能性较小（p = 0.03），但报告培训所需的营养补充剂的可能性较高（p <0.001）。青少年运动员，尤其是女性和拉丁裔运动员，将从运动营养教育中受益，该教育可增强食物选择技巧以促进健康和运动表现。