BACKGROUND & AIMS: The kinetic properties of wild-type rat brain IIa sodium channels in excised macropatches were studied using step depolarizations and ramp depolarizations to imitate the slow settling-time of voltage in two-electrode voltage clamp. Ramp depolarizations longer than 1 ms produce an increasing suppression of peak sodium current (I[Na]). Two rates of inactivation can be seen in macroscopic sodium current records from excised patches following both step and ramp depolarizations. During slow ramp depolarizations, reduction in peak I[Na] is associated with selective loss of the fastest rate of test-pulse inactivation. This change can be interpreted as resulting from inactivation of a separate sub-population of 'fast mode' channels. The slow rate of test-pulse inactivation is relatively unaffected by changing ramp durations. These results are sufficient to explain the typically slow inactivation kinetics seen in two-electrode voltage clamp recordings of sodium channels in Xenopus oocytes. Thus, the kinetics of sodium channels expressed in Xenopus oocytes are not readily characterizable by two-electrode clamp because of the large membrane capacitance and resulting slow clamp settling time which artifactually selects for slow mode channels.

背景与目标： 使用逐步去极化和斜坡去极化来模拟在两电极电压钳中电压的缓慢建立时间，研究了切除的大斑块中野生型大鼠脑IIa钠通道的动力学特性。超过1 ms的斜坡去极化会产生对钠电流峰值（I [Na]）的越来越大的抑制。在阶跃和斜波去极化后，从切下的小片的宏观钠电流记录中可以看到两种失活速率。在缓慢的斜坡去极化期间，峰值I [Na]的降低与最快的测试脉冲失活速率的选择性损失有关。可以将这种变化解释为是由于“快速模式”通道的单独子群体未激活而导致的。测试脉冲失活的缓慢速率相对不受斜坡持续时间变化的影响。这些结果足以解释爪蟾卵母细胞中钠通道的两电极电压钳记录中典型的缓慢失活动力学。因此，非洲爪蟾卵母细胞中表达的钠通道的动力学不易通过两电极钳夹来表征，因为膜电容大且钳夹建立时间慢，这是人为地选择慢模式通道的原因。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The objective of this study was to confirm whether hemoglobin (Hb) levels during chemoradiotherapy are associated with survival in patients with locally advanced cervical carcinoma and to assess impact of the Hb level on survival according to lymph node (LN) metastasis. A retrospective review of 85 cervical carcinoma patients treated with concurrent chemoradiotherapy was conducted. The stage of disease ranged between FIGO stage IB and stage IVA. Disease-free and overall survivals were evaluated by univariate and multivariate analyses. After median follow-up of 35.7 months, 24 patients developed recurrence of disease and 14 patients died from their disease. Stage, LN metastasis, and squamous cell carcinoma antigen and Hb levels during chemoradiation were correlated significantly with survival (P < 0.05). Maintenance of Hb above 10.0 g/dL was associated with better survival (P < 0.05). However, no such benefits were observed in patients with LN metastasis by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Multivariate Cox regression hazard model showed that Hb levels during chemoradiation were an independent prognostic factor in patients without LN metastasis by MRI. Maintenance of Hb during chemoradiation is of benefit in cervical carcinoma patients without LN metastasis but not with LN metastasis by MRI.

背景与目标： ：本研究的目的是确定化学放疗期间血红蛋白（Hb）水平是否与局部晚期宫颈癌患者的生存相关，并根据淋巴结（LN）转移评估Hb水平对生存的影响。回顾性回顾了85例同时放化疗的宫颈癌患者。疾病的阶段在FIGO的IB阶段和IVA阶段之间。通过单因素和多因素分析评估无病生存期和总生存期。在中位随访35.7个月后，有24例患者复发疾病，有14例患者死于疾病。化学放疗期间的分期，LN转移，鳞状细胞癌抗原和血红蛋白水平与生存率显着相关（P <0.05）。维持Hb高于10.0 g / dL与更好的生存率相关（P <0.05）。但是，通过磁共振成像（MRI）在LN转移患者中未观察到此类益处。多元Cox回归风险模型显示，放化疗期间Hb水平是无LN转移的患者（通过MRI）的独立预后因素。对于没有LN转移但没有MRI的LN转移的宫颈癌患者，放化疗期间维持Hb有益。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The goal of this study was to establish and validate a protocol for preparing bovine cardiomyocytes from slaughterhouse material for nuclear transfer experiments. The cardiomyocyte was selected because it is a terminally differentiated cell and strongly expresses a unique subset of genes which can be monitored during the reprogramming period. A total of 39 trials were conducted, and an optimized protocol was developed yielding individual contractile cardiomyocytes from 3-5-month-old bovine fetuses The basic protocol involves stabilization of bovine heart tissue for transportation from the slaughterhouse to the laboratory by perfusion with Custodiol. This was followed by an enzymatic dissociation with collagenase in calcium-free medium and yielded individual contractile rod-shaped cardiomyocytes. Subsequent addition of Ca2+ caused the cardiomyocytes to round up which was an essential pre-condition for drawing them into glass transfer pipettes for delivery into the perivitelline space and for efficient electrofusion with cytoplasts derived from in vitro matured bovine oocytes. The use of cardiomyocytes maintained at 37 degrees C in nuclear transfer, resulted in a significantly reduced proportion of blastocysts compared to adult fibroblasts (14.0% versus 32.7%). Storage of cardiomyocytes at 4 degrees C prior to nuclear transfer was not compatible with blastocyst development. It is expected that this system will be valuable for investigating the reprogramming of gene expression which occurs after somatic cell nuclear transfer.

背景与目标： ：这项研究的目的是建立和验证从屠宰场材料制备牛心肌细胞用于核移植实验的方案。选择心肌细胞是因为它是终末分化细胞，并且强烈表达可以在重编程期间监测的独特基因子集。总共进行了39次试验，并开发了优化的方案，以从3-5个月大的牛胎儿中产生单个可收缩的心肌细胞。基本方案涉及稳定牛心脏组织，以通过用邻苯二甲酸二醇灌注从屠宰场运送到实验室。然后在无钙培养基中用胶原酶进行酶解，产生单个可收缩的杆状心肌细胞。随后添加的Ca2导致心肌细胞聚集，这是将它们吸引到玻璃移液管中以输送到玻璃体腔中并与源自体外成熟牛卵母细胞的细胞质进行有效电融合的必要先决条件。与成年成纤维细胞相比，使用维持在37摄氏度的心肌细胞进行核移植，导致胚泡的比例大大降低（分别为14.0％和32.7％）。核移植前将心肌细胞储存在4摄氏度下与胚泡发育不兼容。预期该系统对于研究在体细胞核转移后发生的基因表达的重编程将是有价值的。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: The efficacy and safety of highly purified follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) associated with human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) was studied in 60 men with hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism. Of these men, 16 suffered from Kallmann's syndrome, 19 from idiopathic hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism and 25 from hypopituitarism. Basal testosterone concentrations were found to be far below the normal range. At baseline, 26 patients were able to ejaculate and all of them showed azoospermia, while the remaining patients were aspermic. All patients self-administered s.c. injections of FSH (150 IU x three/week) and HCG (2500 IU x two/week) for at least 6 months and underwent periodic assessments of testicular function. Testosterone concentrations increased rapidly during treatment and all but one patient reached normal values. Testicular volume showed a sustained increase reaching almost 3-fold its baseline value. At the end of treatment, 48 patients (80.0%) had achieved a positive sperm count. The maximum sperm concentration during treatment was 24.5 +/- 8.1 x 10(6)/ml (mean +/- SEM). The median time to induce spermatogenesis was 5 months. Eleven patients reported adverse events, generally not related to treatment. Three patients experienced gynaecomastia. No local reactions at injection site were observed. In conclusion, the s.c. self-administration of highly purified FSH + HCG was well tolerated and effective in stimulating spermatogenesis and steroidogenesis in these patients.

背景与目标： 在60名患有促性腺激素缺乏性性腺功能减退症的男性中研究了与人绒毛膜促性腺激素（HCG）相关的高纯度卵泡刺激素（FSH）的疗效和安全性。这些人中，有16人患有卡曼综合症，特发性性腺功能减退性性腺功能减退症19名，垂体功能减退症25名。发现基础睾丸激素浓度远低于正常范围。在基线时，有26位患者能够射精，所有患者均表现出无精子症，而其余患者均为无精子症。所有患者均自给自足注射FSH（150 IU x 3 /周）和HCG（2500 IU x 2 /周）至少6个月，并定期评估睾丸功能。治疗期间睾丸激素浓度迅速增加，除一名患者外，其他所有患者均达到正常值。睾丸体积持续增加，几乎达到其基线值的三倍。在治疗结束时，有48名患者（80.0％）的精子计数为阳性。治疗期间最大精子浓度为24.5 /-8.1 x 10（6）/ ml（平均值/-SEM）。诱导精子发生的中位时间为5个月。 11名患者报告了不良事件，通常与治疗无关。三例患者出现了妇科发育不全。在注射部位未观察到局部反应。总而言之自我给予高纯度FSH HCG的耐受性良好，可有效刺激这些患者的精子发生和类固醇生成。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: This paper presents and discusses selected findings from a study of health-seeking strategies in relation to sexual health among a group of female sex workers in Calcutta, India. Background information on sex work and sexually transmitted disease in Calcutta is followed by the presentation of findings pertaining to women's understandings of (sexual) health, treatment-seeking and service utilisation. In the urban context where health services are readily available, patterns of initial treatment-seeking are shown to be generally (biomedically) appropriate, but subsequent "non-compliant" therapeutic practices give cause for concern. Conventional approaches to the study of "health-seeking behaviour" are reviewed in the light of these findings and questions raised about the appropriateness of approaches that focus on initial choice of treatment type and/or assume processes of health-seeking to be determined primarily by cultural "beliefs" about illness. Inherent biomedical and culturalist biases in the orientation of such research are shown to produce an analytic neglect of the dual influences of material life conditions and people's perceptions of health, rather than illness, upon health-related strategies. Recommendations are made for operational research and policy formulation on the provision of effective sexual health services, and implications are drawn for the scope of interventions and applied research directed at improving sexual health.

背景与目标： 本文介绍并讨论了印度加尔各答一群女性性工作者中与性健康相关的健康寻求策略研究中的部分发现。在加尔各答关于性工作和性传播疾病的背景信息之后，介绍与妇女对（性）健康，寻求治疗和利用服务的理解有关的发现。在容易获得卫生服务的城市环境中，最初寻求治疗的模式已被证明通常（生物医学上）是适当的，但是随后的“不依从”治疗方法引起了人们的关注。鉴于这些发现，对“寻求健康行为”研究的常规方法进行了回顾，并提出了一些针对以治疗类型的初始选择和/或假设寻求健康的过程主要由以下因素决定的方法是否适当的问题：关于疾病的文化“信仰”。研究方向上固有的生物医学和文化主义偏见表明，人们忽视了物质生活条件和人们对健康而不是疾病的看法对健康相关策略的双重影响。为提供有效的性健康服务的运营研究和政策制定提出了建议，并对旨在改善性健康的干预措施和应用研究的范围产生了影响。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:In some centers, palliative resection (PR; partial pancreaticoduodenectomy) is, in selected cases, promoted in preference to double loop bypass (DLB) surgery for advanced pancreatic cancer. This prospective study compares PR with DLB, placing particular focus on patients' quality of life (QoL). METHODS:From 01/1993 to 09/2004, 167 patients were analyzed in a prospective single center study of palliative surgical treatment of advanced ductal adenocarcinoma of the pancreatic head. Thirty-eight underwent PR and 129 underwent palliative DLB. Patients undergoing DLB were divided into: (1) locally advanced disease (LAD-subgroup; n = 61; 47%) and (2) metastasized disease (MD-subgroup; n = 68; 53%). QoL was assessed using the EORTC QLQ-C30 questionnaire supplemented by a pancreatic cancer specific module. QoL data were collected pre-operatively and for up to 12 months after surgery. RESULTS:Median survival was 7.0 months (95% CI 4.09; 9.91) in PR patients and 6.0 months (95% CI 5.39; 6.61) in patients who received DLB. Mortality and morbidity were, respectively, 7.8 and 58% for PR, and 2.6 and 42% for DLB. QoL decreased more after PR than after DLB. The DLB-group recovered quicker, reaching pre-operative QoL levels after 3 months, and were less impaired when discharged. The LAD-subgroup and the MD-subgroup presented with equal levels of QoL. CONCLUSIONS:QoL analysis revealed favorable QoL data after DLB. Additionally, the survival rates of the two groups did not differ significantly, but morbidity and mortality rates in the PR group were elevated. Therefore, the use of PR for advanced pancreatic cancer needs to be carefully evaluated.

背景与目标： 背景：在一些中心地区，在某些情况下，姑息性切除术（PR；部分胰十二指肠切除术）优先于晚期胰腺癌的双环旁路手术（DLB）进行推广。这项前瞻性研究将PR与DLB进行了比较，特别关注患者的生活质量（QoL）。
方法：从01/1993年至09/2004年，在前瞻性单中心研究中对姑息性胰腺癌晚期导管腺癌姑息性手术治疗的167例患者进行了分析。 38例接受了PR，129例接受了姑息性DLB。接受DLB的患者分为：（1）局部晚期疾病（LAD-亚组； n = 61; 47％）和（2）转移性疾病（MD-亚组； n = 68; 53％）。使用EORTC QLQ-C30问卷并辅以胰腺癌特定模块评估生活质量。术前和手术后长达12个月收集QoL数据。
结果：PR患者的中位生存期为7.0个月（95％CI 4.09； 9.91），而接受DLB的患者为6.0个月（95％CI 5.39； 6.61）。 PR的死亡率和发病率分别为7.8％和58％，DLB的死亡率为2.6％和42％。 PR后的生活质量比DLB后的生活质量下降更多。 DLB组恢复更快，三个月后达到术前QoL水平，出院时受损程度较小。 LAD子组和MD子组具有相同的QoL水平。
结论：QoL分析显示DLB后有利的QoL数据。此外，两组的生存率没有显着差异，但PR组的发病率和死亡率均升高。因此，需要仔细评估PR在晚期胰腺癌中的应用。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: PURPOSE:Panax notoginseng is a commonly used Chinese herb. Although a few studies have found that notoginseng shows anti-tumor effects, the effect of this herb on colorectal cancer cells has not been investigated. 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) is a chemotherapeutic agent for the treatment of colorectal cancer that interferes with the growth of cancer cells. However, this compound has serious side effects at high doses. In this study, using HCT-116 human colorectal cancer cell line, we investigated the possible synergistic anti-cancer effects between notoginseng flower extract (NGF) and 5-FU on colon cancer cells. METHODS:The anti-proliferation activity of these modes of treatment was evaluated by MTS cell proliferation assay. Apoptotic effects were analyzed by using Hoechst 33258 staining and Annexin-V/PI staining assays. The anti-proliferation effects of four major single compounds from NGF, ginsenosides Rb1, Rb3, Rc and Rg3 were also analyzed. RESULTS:Both 5-FU and NGF inhibited proliferation of HCT-116 cells. With increasing doses of 5-FU, the anti-proliferation effect was slowly increased. The combined usage of 5-FU 5 microM and NGF 0.25 mg/ml, significantly increased the anti-proliferation effect (59.4 +/- 3.3%) compared with using the two medicines separately (5-FU 5 microM, 31.1 +/- 0.4%; NGF 0.25 mg/ml, 25.3 +/- 3.6%). Apoptotic analysis showed that at this concentration, 5-FU did not exert an apoptotic effect, while apoptotic cells induced by NGF were observed, suggesting that the anti-proliferation target(s) of NGF may be different from that of 5-FU, which is known to inhibit thymidilate synthase. CONCLUSIONS:This study demonstrates that NGF can enhance the anti-proliferation effect of 5-FU on HCT-116 human colorectal cancer cells and may decrease the dosage of 5-FU needed for colorectal cancer treatment.

背景与目标： 目的：三七是一种常用的中草药。尽管一些研究发现三七具有抗肿瘤作用，但尚未研究该药对结肠直肠癌细胞的作用。 5-氟尿嘧啶（5-FU）是一种治疗结肠直肠癌的化学治疗药物，它会干扰癌细胞的生长。但是，这种化合物在高剂量时具有严重的副作用。在这项研究中，我们使用HCT-116人结肠直肠癌细胞系，研究了三七花提取物（NGF）和5-FU对结肠癌细胞可能的协同抗癌作用。
方法：通过MTS细胞增殖试验评估了这些治疗方式的抗增殖活性。通过使用Hoechst 33258染色和膜联蛋白-V / PI染色分析来分析细胞凋亡作用。还分析了NGF中的四种主要单一化合物，人参皂甙Rb1，Rb3，Rc和Rg3的抗增殖作用。
结果：5-FU和NGF均抑制HCT-116细胞的增殖。随着5-FU剂量的增加，抗增殖作用缓慢增加。与分别使用两种药物（5-FU 5 microM，31.1 /-0.4％）相比，5-FU 5 microM和NGF 0.25 mg / ml的联合使用显着提高了抗增殖效果（59.4 /-3.3％）； NGF 0.25 mg / ml，25.3±3.6％）。凋亡分析表明，在此浓度下，5-FU不会发挥凋亡作用，而观察到NGF诱导的凋亡细胞，这表明NGF的抗增殖靶标可能与5-FU的不同。已知抑制胸苷酸合酶。
结论：这项研究表明NGF可以增强5-FU对HCT-116人结肠直肠癌细胞的抗增殖作用，并可以减少治疗结肠直肠癌所需的5-FU剂量。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The purpose of this study was to examine the acute effects of a caffeine-containing supplement on upper- and lower-body strength and muscular endurance as well as anaerobic capabilities. Thirty-seven resistance-trained men (mean +/- SD, age: 21 +/- 2 years) volunteered to participate in this study. On the first laboratory visit, the subjects performed 2 Wingate Anaerobic Tests (WAnTs) to determine peak power (PP) and mean power (MP), as well as tests for 1 repetition maximum (1RM), dynamic constant external resistance strength, and muscular endurance (TOTV; total volume of weight lifted during an endurance test with 80% of the 1RM) on the bilateral leg extension (LE) and free-weight bench press (BP) exercises. Following a minimum of 48 hours of rest, the subjects returned to the laboratory for the second testing session and were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 groups: a supplement group (SUPP; n = 17), which ingested a caffeine-containing supplement, or a placebo group (PLAC; n = 20), which ingested a cellulose placebo. One hour after ingesting either the caffeine-containing supplement or the placebo, the subjects performed 2 WAnTs and were tested for 1RM strength and muscular endurance on the LE and BP exercises. The results indicated that there was a significant (p < 0.05) increase in BP 1RM for the SUPP group, but not for the PLAC group. The caffeine-containing supplement had no effect, however, on LE 1RM, LE TOTV, BP TOTV, PP, and MP. Thus, the caffeine-containing supplement may be an effective supplement for increasing upper-body strength and, therefore, could be useful for competitive and recreational athletes who perform resistance training.

背景与目标： ：这项研究的目的是检查含咖啡因的补充剂对上，下半身的力量，肌肉耐力以及无氧能力的急性作用。三十七名经过抗性训练的男性（平均/-SD，年龄：21 /-2岁）自愿参加了这项研究。在第一次实验室访问中，受试者进行了2次Wingate无氧测试（WAnT），以确定峰值功率（PP）和平均功率（MP），以及1次重复最大值（1RM），动态恒定外部阻力强度和肌肉运动耐力（TOTV；在耐力测试中以1RM的80％进行测试时提升的总重量）在双腿伸展（LE）和自由重量卧推（BP）锻炼中。至少休息48小时后，受试者返回实验室进行第二次测试，并随机分为2组中的1组：补充组（SUPP; n = 17），摄入含咖啡因的补充剂，或服用纤维素安慰剂的安慰剂组（PLAC； n = 20）。摄入含咖啡因的补充剂或安慰剂一小时后，受试者进行了2次WAnT，并在LE和BP锻炼中测试了1RM强度和肌肉耐力。结果表明SUPP组的BP 1RM显着增加（p <0.05），而PLAC组则没有。但是，含咖啡因的补充剂对LE 1RM，LE TOTV，BP TOTV，PP和MP无作用。因此，含咖啡因的补充剂可能是增加上半身力量的有效补充剂，因此对进行阻力训练的竞技和休闲运动员有用。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The phenotypic response of rat liver to a carcinogenic protocol involving initiation/selection and promotion with and without phenobarbital (PB) feeding was studied in pubertal and adult male rats. Considering the early presence of preneoplastic nodular areas, it appeared that pubertal rats, initiated at 6-7 weeks, presented a higher susceptibility to the protocol than adult rats initiated at 9-10 weeks. Altered liver phenotype was characterized by: (1) gamma-glutamyl-transpeptidase (GGT) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activities; (2) the expression of two forms of cytochrome P-450; de novo PB-inducible P-450 II B 1,2 and P-450 II C 7 normally expressed in 45-day-old rats and PB-inducible, and (3) the expression of albumin and alpha-fetoprotein cDNAs. In the absence of PB, the susceptibility of pubertal rat liver to hepatocarcinogenesis was related to a special metabolic phenotype enriched in GGT and GST activities by comparison with the quasi-normal expression of both P-450s. Adult rat liver presented a less altered pattern closer to that of noninitiated rat liver. During PB promotion, the loss of PB inducibility of P-450 II C 7 in pubertal rat liver suggested that the hormonal status of the animals could interact with initiation to modulate specific gene expression. The late phase of PB promotion revealed the loss of highly differentiated functions (P-450s, albumin), whereas enzymatic markers associated with preneoplastic foci showed a persistent high expression.

背景与目标： ：在青春期和成年雄性大鼠中研究了大鼠肝脏对涉及开始/选择和促进（有或没有苯巴比妥（PB）喂养）致癌方案的表型反应。考虑到肿瘤前结节区域的早期存在，看来与在9-10周龄开始的成年大鼠相比，在6-7周龄开始的青春期大鼠对方案的敏感性更高。肝表型改变的特征是：（1）γ-谷氨酰转肽酶（GGT）和谷胱甘肽S-转移酶（GST）活性； （2）两种形式的细胞色素P-450的表达；从头开始PB诱导的P-450 II B 1,2和P-450 II C 7在45天大的大鼠中正常表达，并且在PB诱导中正常表达；（3）白蛋白和甲胎蛋白cDNA的表达。在没有PB的情况下，与两个P-450的准正常表达相比，青春期大鼠肝脏对肝癌发生的敏感性与富含GGT和GST活性的特殊代谢表型有关。成年大鼠肝脏的变化较小，与未启动大鼠肝脏的变化较小。在PB促进过程中，青春期大鼠肝脏中P-450 II C 7的PB诱导性丧失，这表明动物的荷尔蒙状态可能与启动相互作用，从而调节特定的基因表达。 PB促进的晚期阶段揭示了高度分化的功能（P-450s，白蛋白）的丧失，而与肿瘤前病灶相关的酶标记物显示了持续的高表达。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:In patients with stage I seminoma treated with elective lymph node irradiation, testicular scatter doses are often thought to be responsible for later disturbances in fertility. We studied the influence of radiation field extensions and testicular doses on hormonal function.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) and LH (luteinizing hormone) were evaluated before radiotherapy (RT) and by serial analyses after treatment for 4 years. Twenty-three patients were irradiated by hockey stick fields with a mean dose of 31.9 Gy (+/-4.7 SD) and a mean scatter dose of 54 8 cGy (+/-16.6 SD). Twenty-one patients received limited RT to the paraaortic nodes with 28.1 Gy (+/-2.4 SD). The mean testicular dose was only 25 cGy (+/-7.8 SD). All patients had normal pre-treatment hormonal values.

RESULTS:Six months after the end of RT, mean FSH values were significantly elevated in the hockey stick group (P = 0.032), returning to normal after 3 years. The increase in LH was also significant, but stayed within normal ranges. Limited RT resulted in a minimal, dose-dependent increase of FSH; no changes in LH were noted.

CONCLUSIONS:In patients with a normal hormonal status after semicastration, FSH is a reliable monitor for transient radiation-induced effects. To avoid treatment-related disturbances in spermatogenesis, scatter doses should be reduced to less than 20 cGy.

背景与目标： 背景和目的：在接受选择性淋巴结照射治疗的I期精原细胞瘤患者中，通常认为睾丸散射剂量是造成以后生育能力障碍的原因。我们研究了辐射场扩展和睾丸剂量对荷尔蒙功能的影响。

材料与方法：在放疗（RT）之前评估FSH（促卵泡激素）和LH（促黄体激素） ），并经过4年的治疗后进行系列分析。 23名患者接受曲棍球场照射，平均剂量为31.9 Gy（/-4.7 SD），平均散射剂量为54 8 cGy（/-16.6 SD）。 21名患者接受了28.1 Gy（/-2.4 SD）的有限的主动脉旁放疗。睾丸平均剂量仅为25 cGy（/-7.8 SD）。所有患者的治疗前激素水平均正常。

结果：RT结束后六个月，曲棍球棒组的平均FSH值显着升高（P = 0.032）， 3年后恢复正常。 LH的增加也很明显，但保持在正常范围内。有限的RT导致FSH的最小剂量依赖性增加；

结论：在半cast割后荷尔蒙状态正常的患者中，FSH是瞬态辐射诱发效应的可靠监测器。为避免与治疗相关的精子发生障碍，散布剂量应降至20 cGy以下。