This chapter reviews the available data on the toxicity of neonicotinoid insecticides to bees that are the prominent and the most economically important group of pollinators worldwide. Classical and new methods developed to take into account the characteristics and different types of effects of the neonicotinoid insecticides to bees are described. The available toxicity results are critically analyzed. Thus, the nitro-substituted compounds (clothianidin, dinotefuran, imidacloprid and its metabolites, thiamethoxam, nitenpyram) appear the most toxic to bees. The cyano-substituted neonicotinoids seem to exhibit a much lower toxicity (acetamiprid and thiacloprid). The chapter ends with suggestions for additional studies aiming at better assess the hazard of this important insecticide family to bees.

译文

:本章回顾了有关新烟碱类杀虫剂对蜜蜂的毒性的现有数据,这些蜜蜂是世界范围内最重要的,也是经济上最重要的授粉媒介。描述了考虑到新烟碱类杀虫剂对蜜蜂的影响的特性和不同类型而开发的经典方法和新方法。严格分析了可用的毒性结果。因此,硝基取代的化合物(可比丁,二甲呋喃,吡虫啉及其代谢产物,噻虫嗪,乙胺嘧啶)对蜜蜂的毒性最大。氰基取代的新烟碱类药物似乎显示出低得多的毒性(乙酰胺和噻虫啉)。本章最后提出了进一步研究的建议,旨在更好地评估这一重要的杀虫剂家族对蜜蜂的危害。

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