Health surveys, studies on physical symptom reporting, and medical registration of physical complaints find consistent sex differences in symptom reporting, with women having the higher rates. By and large, this female excess of physical symptoms is independent from the symptom measure, response format and time frame used, and the population under study. As most studies concern healthy individuals, the sex difference can not simply be attributed to a greater physical morbidity in women. In this paper we propose a number of explanations for this phenomenon, based on a biopsychosocial perspective on symptom perception. We discuss a symptom perception model that brings together factors and processes from the extant literature which are thought to affect symptom reporting, such as somatic information, selection of information through attention and distraction, attribution of somatic sensations, and the personality factors somatisation and negative affectivity. Finally, we discuss the explanations for sex differences in physical symptoms that arise from the model.

译文

健康调查,有关身体症状报告的研究以及身体不适的医学登记发现,在症状报告中性别差异始终如一,而女性的发病率更高。总体而言,女性过多的身体症状与症状量度,反应形式和使用的时限以及所研究的人群无关。由于大多数研究都涉及健康个体,因此性别差异不能简单地归因于女性更高的身体发病率。在本文中,我们基于对症状感知的生物心理社会学观点,对该现象提出了多种解释。我们讨论一种症状感知模型,该模型将现有文献中的因素和过程综合在一起,这些因素和过程被认为会影响症状报告,例如躯体信息,通过注意力和注意力分散信息选择,躯体感觉的归因以及个性化因素的躯体化和负面情感。最后,我们讨论由模型引起的生理症状中性别差异的解释。

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