PURPOSE OF REVIEW:Neuroimaging has become a central technique of biological psychiatry and is uniquely suited to assess functional and structural brain changes in psychiatric patients in vivo. In this review, we highlight several recent developments that may enable the transition of psychiatric neuroimaging from laboratory to clinic. RECENT FINDINGS:We describe recent trends in refining imaging techniques for brain microstructure (diffusion imaging) and neurochemistry (magnetic resonance spectroscopy of neurotransmitters and metabolites) and their application to patients with mood disorders and individuals at risk, such as first-degree relatives. We also survey recent progress in imaging-guided deep brain stimulation (DBS), imaging-based (neurofeedback) therapies and studies looking at their convergent anatomical targets. These new interventional techniques, which aim to modulate brain circuits of emotion and motivation highlighted by functional imaging studies, have shown promising effects in several small studies. SUMMARY:The mapping of brain patterns associated with risk to develop mood disorders may pave the way for diagnostic/prognostic applications of neuroimaging. The neuromodulation techniques of DBS and neurofeedback, which target dysfunctional or compensatory circuits identified by functional imaging, may take neuroimaging into a new, therapeutic domain.

译文

审查的目的:神经影像学已成为生物学精神病学的中心技术,并且特别适合于评估体内精神病患者体内功能和结构的大脑变化。在这篇综述中,我们重点介绍了可能使精神神经影像学从实验室过渡到临床的最新进展。
最近的发现:我们描述了用于脑微结构(扩散成像)和神经化学(神经递质和代谢产物的磁共振波谱)的精细成像技术的最新趋势,以及它们在情绪障碍患者和高危人群(例如一级亲属)中的应用。我们还调查了影像引导的深部脑刺激(DBS),基于影像的(神经反馈)疗法和研究其趋同的解剖学目标的最新进展。这些新的干预技术旨在调节功能成像研究所强调的情绪和动机的大脑回路,在一些小型研究中显示出了令人鼓舞的效果。
摘要:与发展情绪障碍风险相关的大脑模式的映射可能为神经影像的诊断/预后应用铺平道路。 DBS和神经反馈的神经调节技术,以功能成像确定的功能障碍或代偿性电路为目标,可能会将神经成像带入新的治疗领域。

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