The last decade has seen a large number of published findings supporting the hypothesis that intranasally delivered oxytocin (OT) can enhance the processing of social stimuli and regulate social emotion-related behaviors such as trust, memory, fidelity, and anxiety. The use of nasal spray for administering OT in behavioral research has become a standard method, but many questions still exist regarding its action. OT is a peptide that cannot cross the blood-brain barrier, and it has yet to be shown that it does indeed reach the brain when delivered intranasally. Given the evidence, it seems highly likely that OT does affect behavior when delivered as a nasal spray. These effects may be driven by at least three possible mechanisms. First, the intranasally delivered OT may diffuse directly into the CNS where it directly engages OT receptors. Second, the intranasally delivered OT may trigger increased central release via an indirect peripheral mechanism. And third, the indirect peripheral effects may directly lead to behavioral effects via some mechanism other than increased central release. Although intranasally delivered OT likely affects behavior, there are conflicting reports as to the exact nature of those behavioral changes: some studies suggest that OT effects are not always "pro-social" and others suggest effects on social behaviors are due to a more general anxiolytic effect. In this critique, we draw from work in healthy human populations and the animal literature to review the mechanistic aspects of intranasal OT delivery, and to discuss intranasal OT effects on social cognition and behavior. We conclude that future work should control carefully for anxiolytic and gender effects, which could underlie inconsistencies in the existing literature. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Oxytocin and Social Behav.

译文

在过去的十年中,有大量已发表的研究结果支持以下假设: 鼻内递送催产素 (OT) 可以增强社交刺激的处理并调节与社会情感相关的行为,例如信任,记忆,忠诚和焦虑。在行为研究中使用鼻喷雾剂进行OT已经成为一种标准方法,但是关于其作用仍然存在许多问题。OT是一种无法穿过血脑屏障的肽,并且尚未证明它在鼻内递送时确实会到达大脑。有了证据,OT似乎很可能会以鼻喷雾剂的方式影响行为。这些影响可能由至少三种可能的机制驱动。首先,鼻内递送的OT可能直接扩散到CNS中,在那里它直接与OT受体接合。其次,鼻内递送的OT可能会通过间接外围机制触发增加的中央释放。第三,间接的外围效应可能通过增加中枢释放以外的其他机制直接导致行为效应。尽管鼻内传递的OT可能会影响行为,但关于这些行为变化的确切性质的报道相互矛盾: 一些研究表明OT影响并不总是 “亲社会”,而另一些研究则表明对社会行为的影响是由于更普遍的抗焦虑作用。在这项批评中,我们借鉴了健康人群的工作和动物文献,回顾了鼻内OT递送的机制方面,并讨论了鼻内OT对社会认知和行为的影响。我们得出的结论是,未来的工作应仔细控制抗焦虑和性别影响,这可能是现有文献中不一致的基础。本文是题为催产素和社会行为的特刊的一部分。

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