Addiction is a chronic, recurring and complex disorder. It is characterized by anomalous behaviors that are linked to permanent or long-lasting neurobiological alterations. Furthermore, the endocannabinoid system has a crucial role in mediating neurotransmitter release as one of the main neuromodulators of the mammalian central nervous system. The purpose of the present review is to instruct readers about the functional and structural interactions between the endocannabinoid system and the main neurotransmitter systems of the central nervous system in the context of drug addiction. With this aim, we have systematically reviewed the main findings of most of the existing literature that explores cross-talk in the five brain areas that are most traditionally implicated in addiction: amygdala, prefrontal cortex, nucleus accumbens, hippocampus and ventral tegmental area (VTA). The neurotransmission systems influenced by the pharmacology of the endocannabinoid system in these brain areas, which are reviewed here, are gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glutamate, the main biogenic amines (dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin), acetylcholine and opioids. We show that all of these neurotransmitter systems can be modulated differentially in each brain area by the activation or deactivation of cannabinoid CB1 brain receptors. Specifically, most of the studies relate to the hippocampus and nucleus accumbens. Moreover, the neurotransmitter with the fewest number of related studies is acetylcholine (excepting in the hippocampus), whereas there is a large number that evaluates GABA, glutamate and dopamine. Finally, we propose a possible interpretation of the role of the endocannabinoid system in the phenomenon of addiction.

译文

成瘾是一种慢性、反复发作和复杂的疾病。它的特征是与永久性或持久的神经生物学改变有关的异常行为。此外,内源性大麻素系统作为哺乳动物中枢神经系统的主要神经调节剂之一,在介导神经递质释放方面起着至关重要的作用。本综述的目的是指导读者有关药物成瘾背景下内源性大麻素系统与中枢神经系统主要神经递质系统之间的功能和结构相互作用。为此,我们系统地回顾了大多数现有文献的主要发现,这些文献探讨了传统上与成瘾最相关的五个大脑区域的串扰: 杏仁核,前额叶皮层,伏隔核,海马和腹侧被盖区 (VTA)。在这些大脑区域中,受内源性大麻素系统药理学影响的神经传递系统是 γ-氨基丁酸 (GABA),谷氨酸,主要的生物胺 (多巴胺,去甲肾上腺素和5-羟色胺),乙酰胆碱和阿片类药物。我们表明,所有这些神经递质系统都可以通过大麻素CB1脑受体的激活或失活在每个大脑区域进行差异调节。具体来说,大多数研究与海马和伏隔核有关。此外,相关研究数量最少的神经递质是乙酰胆碱 (海马除外),而大量评估GABA,谷氨酸和多巴胺。最后,我们提出了对内源性大麻素系统在成瘾现象中的作用的可能解释。

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