Historical uses of chromium have resulted in its widespread release into the environment. In recent years, a significant amount of research has evaluated the impact of chromium on human health and the environment. Additionally, numerous analytical methods have been developed to identify and quantitate chromium in environmental media in response to various state and federal mandates such as CERCLA, RCRA, CWA, CAA, and SWDA. Due to the significant toxicity differences between trivalent [Cr(III)] and hexavalent [Cr(VI)] chromium, it is essential that chromium be quantified in these two distinct valence states to assess the potential risks to exposure to each in environmental media. Speciation is equally important because of their marked differences in environmental behavior. As the knowledge of risks associated with each valence state has grown and regulatory requirements have evolved, methods to accurately quantitate these species at ever-decreasing concentrations within environmental media have also evolved. This paper addresses the challenges of chromium species quantitation and some of the most relevant current methods used for environmental monitoring, including ASTM Method D5281 for air, SW-846 Methods 3060A, 7196A and 7199 for soils, sediments, and waste, and U.S. EPA Method 218.6 for water.

译文

铬的历史用途导致其广泛释放到环境中。近年来,大量研究评估了铬对人类健康和环境的影响。此外,针对各种州和联邦法规 (例如CERCLA,RCRA,CWA,CAA和SWDA),已经开发了许多分析方法来识别和定量环境介质中的铬。由于三价 [Cr(III)] 和六价铬 [Cr(VI)] 铬之间的显着毒性差异,因此必须在这两种不同的价态中对铬进行定量,以评估环境介质中暴露于每种价态的潜在风险。物种形成同样重要,因为它们在环境行为上存在明显差异。随着与每种价态相关的风险知识的增长和监管要求的发展,在环境介质中以不断降低的浓度准确定量这些物种的方法也在发展。本文讨论了铬物种定量的挑战以及当前用于环境监测的一些最相关的方法,包括针对空气的ASTM方法D5281,针对土壤,沉积物和废物的SW-846方法3060A,7196A和7199,以及针对水的美国EPA方法218.6。

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