Mathematical modelling regarding evolutionary theory typically assumes that optimal strategies are not constrained through mechanistic processes. In contrast, recent studies on brain anatomy and neurobiology suggest that flexibility in social behaviour is rather constrained by the physiological state of the social decision-making network. Changing its state may yield selective advantages in some social contexts but neutral or even detrimental effects in others. Here we provide field evidence for such physiological trade-offs. We subjected wild female cleaner wrasse to injections of testosterone or of saline solution (control) and then observed both intraspecific interactions and interspecific cleaning behaviour with other reef fish, referred to as clients. Testosterone-treated females intensified intraspecific social interactions, showing more aggression towards smaller females and tendencies of increased aggressive and affiliative contacts with dominant males. Such testosterone-mediated changes fit the hypothesis that an increase in testosterone mediates female's focus on status in this protogynous hermaphrodite species, where females eventually change sex to become males. Moreover, we also identified other effects on interspecific social interactions: testosterone-treated females interacted less with client reef fishes and hence obtained less food. Most importantly, they selectively reduced service quality for species that were less likely to punish after being cheated. Overall, our findings suggest that testosterone causes pleiotropic effects on intra and interspecific social behaviour by broadly influencing female cleaners' decision-making.

译文

关于进化理论的数学建模通常假设最优策略不受机械过程的约束。相反,最近有关大脑解剖学和神经生物学的研究表明,社会行为的灵活性受到社会决策网络生理状态的限制。改变状态可能会在某些社会环境中产生选择性优势,但在其他社会环境中会产生中立甚至有害的影响。在这里,我们为这种生理权衡提供了现场证据。我们对野生雌性清洁剂濑鱼注射了睾丸激素或盐溶液 (对照),然后观察了种内相互作用和与其他礁石鱼 (称为客户) 的种间清洁行为。接受睾丸激素治疗的女性增强了种内社会互动,对较小的女性表现出更多攻击,并且与占主导地位的男性的攻击性和从属性接触增加。这种睾丸激素介导的变化符合以下假设: 睾丸激素的增加介导了女性对这种原始雌雄同体物种地位的关注,在这种情况下,女性最终改变性别成为男性。此外,我们还发现了对种间社会互动的其他影响: 接受睾丸激素治疗的雌性与客户礁石鱼的互动较少,因此获得的食物较少。最重要的是,他们有选择地降低了被骗后不太可能受到惩罚的物种的服务质量。总体而言,我们的发现表明,睾丸激素通过广泛影响女性清洁工的决策而对种内和种间社会行为产生多效性影响。

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