In the current study, the effect of different types of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles (NPs) (rutile, anatase, and mixture) was analyzed on Ceriodaphnia dubia in the presence of algae under distinct irradiation conditions such as visible and UV-A. The toxicity experiments were performed in sterile freshwater to mimic the chemical composition of the freshwater system. In addition, the oxidative stress biomarkers such as MDA, catalase, and GSH were analyzed to elucidate the stress induced by the NPs on daphnids. Individually, both rutile and anatase NPs induced similar mortality under both visible and UV-A irradiations at all the test concentrations except 600 and 1200 μM where rutile induced higher mortality under UV-A. Upon visible irradiation, the binary mixture exhibited a synergistic effect at their lower concentration and an additive effect at higher concentrations. In contrast, UV-A irradiation demonstrated the additive effect of mixture except for 1200 μM which elucidated antagonistic effect. Mathematical model confirmed the effects of the binary mixture. The surface interaction between the individual NPs in the form of aggregation played a pivotal role in the induction of specific effects exhibited by the binary mixture. Oxidative stress biomarkers were highly increased upon NPs exposure especially under visible irradiation. These observations elucidated that the irradiation and crystallinity effect of TiO2 NPs were noted only on certain biomarkers and not on the mortality.

译文

在当前的研究中,分析了不同类型的二氧化钛 (TiO2) 纳米颗粒 (NPs) (金红石,锐钛矿和混合物) 在藻类存在下在可见光和UV-A等不同辐射条件下对紫花的影响。毒性实验是在无菌淡水中进行的,以模拟淡水系统的化学成分。此外,还分析了氧化应激生物标志物,例如MDA,过氧化氢酶和GSH,以阐明NPs对水蚤引起的应激。在所有测试浓度下,金红石和锐钛矿NPs在可见光和uv-a照射下均单独诱导了相似的死亡率,除了600和1200微米,其中金红石在uv-a下诱导了更高的死亡率。在可见的照射下,二元混合物在较低的浓度下表现出协同作用,而在较高的浓度下表现出累加作用。相反,uv-a辐照显示了混合物的加性效应,除了1200 μ m,其阐明了拮抗效应。数学模型证实了二元混合物的影响。聚集形式的单个np之间的表面相互作用在诱导二元混合物表现出的特定效果中起着关键作用。NPs暴露后,氧化应激生物标志物高度增加,尤其是在可见辐射下。这些观察结果表明,TiO2 np的辐射和结晶度效应仅在某些生物标志物上被发现,而在死亡率上却没有。

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