Antimicrobials are commonly used in aquaculture to treat infectious diseases in fish. The overuse of these chemicals, however, has made them a contamination source for the aquatic environments. In this study, single and combined effects of florfenicol (FLO) and oxytetracycline (OTC), two antimicrobials widely used in the fish farming, were evaluated in acute and chronic toxicity tests using the tropical cladoceran Ceriodaphnia silvestrii as a model species. Also, a preliminary risk characterization of FLO and OTC for zooplankton was carried out, taking into account different exposure scenarios. The results obtained revealed that FLO and OTC have adverse effects on the mobility, reproduction and population growth rate of C. silvestrii in single exposures. In addition, mixture effects on the C. silvestrii were more severe than predicted effects based on the Concentration Addition model, showing a synergistic deviation for the mobility and a dose-level dependent deviation for the reproduction (synergism at higher levels than EC60). In relation to the risk characterization, risk quotients (RQs) exceeded 1 for chronic toxicity data obtained in both OTC and mixture exposures, indicating that the concentrations of these chemicals in Brazilian freshwater bodies could potentially present risks for the reproduction of zooplankton species in tropical regions. The RQs obtained for the mixtures were higher than those obtained for each chemical separately. Therefore, it is highly recommended that RQs are derived from single and mixture exposure data in order to obtain a more accurate risk characterization.

译文

抗菌素在水产养殖中常用于治疗鱼类传染病。然而,这些化学物质的过度使用使它们成为水生环境的污染源。在这项研究中,使用热带cladoceran ceriodapnia silvestryi作为模型物种,在急性和慢性毒性试验中评估了氟苯尼考 (FLO) 和土霉素 (OTC) (两种广泛用于鱼类养殖的抗菌剂) 的单一和联合作用。此外,考虑到不同的暴露情景,对浮游动物的FLO和OTC进行了初步风险表征。获得的结果表明,FLO和OTC对单次暴露的C.Silvestii的流动性,繁殖和种群增长率有不利影响。此外,混合对C. silvestrii的影响比基于浓度添加模型的预测影响更为严重,显示出迁移率的协同偏差和繁殖的剂量水平依赖性偏差 (在高于EC60的水平下协同作用)。关于风险特征,在非处方药和混合物暴露中获得的慢性毒性数据的风险商 (RQs) 超过1,这表明巴西淡水体内这些化学物质的浓度可能对热带地区浮游动物物种的繁殖构成潜在风险。混合物获得的RQs高于每种化学品分别获得的RQs。因此,强烈建议从单次和混合暴露数据中得出RQs,以便获得更准确的风险特征。

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