The Geobacter species evolved respiratory versatility to utilize a wide range of terminal electron acceptors. To explore this adaptive mechanism, Fe(III) citrate, hydrous ferric oxide, and fumarate were selected as electron acceptors, and the methylome and metabolome of Geobacter sulfurreducens PCA grown on each electron acceptor were investigated via third-generation, single-molecule real-time DNA sequencing and gas chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry-based metabolomics, respectively. Results showed that the patterns of 4-methylcytosine (m4C) and 6-methyladenine (m6A) modification, the concentrations of fatty acids (e.g., caprylic acid, capric acid, and squalene), and the activity of antioxidant enzymes (e.g., superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione reductase) were all varied in different electron acceptor cultures. Moreover, genes (e.g., GSU0466 and GSU1467) with low expression levels generally had high methylation levels. These findings suggest that m4C and m6A modifications, fatty acids, and antioxidant enzymes all play a role in the adaptation of G. sulfurreducens to diverse electron acceptors, and DNA methylation may be involved in the adaptation mainly via gene expression regulation.

译文

Geobacter物种进化出呼吸多功能性,以利用多种末端电子受体。为了探索这种适应性机制,选择了柠檬酸Fe(III),水合三氧化二铁和富马酸盐作为电子受体,并通过第三代研究了在每个电子受体上生长的硫还原杆菌PCA的甲基化组和代谢组,分别基于单分子实时DNA测序和气相色谱/飞行时间质谱的代谢组学。结果表明,4-甲基胞嘧啶 (m4C) 和6-甲基腺嘌呤 (m6A) 修饰的模式,脂肪酸 (例如辛酸,癸酸和角鲨烯) 的浓度以及抗氧化酶 (例如超氧化物歧化酶,过氧化氢酶,和谷胱甘肽还原酶) 在不同的电子受体培养中均有所不同。此外,低表达水平的基因 (例如GSU0466和GSU1467) 通常具有高甲基化水平。这些发现表明,m4C和m6A修饰,脂肪酸和抗氧化酶都在硫还原酶对多种电子受体的适应中起作用,DNA甲基化可能主要通过基因表达调控参与适应。

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