We investigated the effect of sand moisture content and sand temperature on developmental success and the mobilization of calcium during development using laboratory incubated eggs (n=251) collected from leatherbacks nesting at Parque Nacional Marino Las Baulas, Costa Rica. Calcium concentrations of egg components [eggshell, yolk plus albumen (Y+A) and embryo] changed significantly through incubation for both viable and undeveloped eggs. In developed eggs, eggshell calcium content decreased 42.9% by day 60 of incubation. The Y+A calcium decreased by 20.8% until the last quarter of incubation, and then increased to 0.99% above initial Y+A calcium concentrations just prior to hatching. In undeveloped eggs, eggshell calcium content decreased by 25.7%, with the rate of decrease slowing significantly beyond day 30 of incubation. In contrast, Y+A calcium increased steadily through the 60-day incubation period. Embryos incorporated a higher proportion of calcium when incubated at a lower sand moisture content (5% H(2)O>12% H(2)O) and at lower sand temperatures (28.5 degrees C, 29.5 degrees C>31.0 degrees C). The total wet mass of freshly oviposited eggs was negatively correlated with calcium concentration per gram of eggshell (r=-0.569; P<0.001). Thus, each yolked egg, regardless of initial wet mass, had an average of 1.23 g (+/-0.43 g) of calcium per egg (Mean egg mass: 76.24+/-1.21 g). Both developmental success (24.1%) and hatching success (7.4%) of laboratory-incubated eggs were dependent to a greater extent on temperature than on moisture, with an increase in mortality as sand temperature increased. For natural nests on Playa Grande, developmental success (37.4%) and hatching success (19.8%) were similar in magnitude to the results obtained from the laboratory. The recent ENSO (El Niño Southern Oscillation) event and increased tidal activity may be responsible for the high embryonic mortality measured during the 1997-1998 nesting season.

译文

:我们使用哥斯达黎加Parque Nacional Marino Las Baulas的棱皮背上收集的实验室孵化卵(n = 251),研究了沙子含水量和沙子温度对发育成功和钙在生长过程中动员的影响。通过孵化活的和未发育的卵,卵成分(蛋壳,蛋黄加蛋白(Y A)和胚胎)中的钙浓度发生了显着变化。在孵化的蛋中,到孵化第60天,蛋壳钙含量降低了42.9%。到孵化的最后一个季度,Y A的钙含量下降了20.8%,然后在孵化之前,Y A的钙含量比初始Y A的钙含量增加了0.99%。在未发育的卵中,蛋壳钙含量下降了25.7%,下降速度在孵化30天后明显减慢。相反,在60天的潜伏期中,Y A钙稳定增加。在较低的沙子水分含量(5%H(2)O> 12%H(2)O)和较低的沙子温度(28.5摄氏度,29.5摄氏度> 31.0摄氏度)下孵育时,胚中掺入的钙含量更高。 。新鲜产卵的总湿重与每克蛋壳中的钙浓度呈负相关(r = -0.569; P <0.001)。因此,无论初始湿重如何,每个带蛋的蛋平均每个蛋含钙1.23克(/-0.43克)(平均蛋量:76.24 /-1.21克)。实验室孵化卵的发育成功率(24.1%)和孵化成功率(7.4%)在很大程度上取决于温度而不是水分,并且随着沙温的升高死亡率也增加。对于Playa Grande上的天然巢而言,发育成功率(37.4%)和孵化成功率(19.8%)的数量级与实验室获得的结果相似。最近发生的ENSO(厄尔尼诺南方涛动)事件和潮汐活动增加可能是1997-1998年筑巢季节测得的高胚胎死亡率的原因。

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