Bronchioles are noncartilaginous small airways with internal diameter of 2 mm or less, located from approximately the eighth generation of purely air conducting airways (membranous bronchioles) down to the terminal bronchioles (the smallest airways without alveoli) and respiratory bronchioles (which communicate directly with alveolar ducts and are in the range of 0.5 mm or less in diameter). Bronchiolar injury, inflammation, and fibrosis may occur in myriad disorders including connective tissue diseases, inflammatory bowel diseases, lung transplant allograft rejection, graft versus host disease in allogeneic stem cell recipients, neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia, infections, drug toxicity (e.g., penicillamine, busulfan), inhalation injury (e.g., cigarette smoke, nylon flock, mineral dusts, hard metals, Sauropus androgynous); idiopathic, common variable immunodeficiency disorder, and a host of other disorders or insults. The spectrum of bronchiolar disorders is wide, ranging from asymptomatic to fatal obliterative bronchiolitis. In this review, we discuss the salient clinical, radiographic, and histological features of these diverse bronchiolar disorders, and discuss a management approach.

译文

:细支气管是非软骨小气道,其内径为2 mm或更小,位于大约第八代纯气导气道(膜性细支气管),末端细支气管(无肺泡的最小气道)和呼吸性细支气管(与细支气管直接连通)肺泡管,直径在0.5 mm或更小范围内。支气管损伤,炎症和纤维化可能发生在多种疾病中,包括结缔组织疾病,炎性肠疾病,同种异体干细胞受体的肺移植排斥,同种异体干细胞接受者的移植物抗宿主病,神经内分泌细胞增生,感染,药物毒性(例如青霉素,白消安) ),吸入性伤害(例如,香烟烟雾,尼龙绒,矿物粉尘,硬质金属,蜥脚类雌雄同体);特发性,常见的可变免疫缺陷疾病,以及许多其他疾病或侮辱。细支气管疾病的范围很广,从无症状到致命的闭塞性细支气管炎。在这篇综述中,我们讨论了这些不同的细支气管疾病的显着临床,影像学和组织学特征,并讨论了一种治疗方法。

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