Tufted capuchin monkeys are known to use both quadrupedalism and bipedalism in their natural environments. Although previous studies have investigated limb kinematics and metabolic costs, their ground reaction forces (GRFs) and center of mass (CoM) mechanics during two and four-legged locomotion are unknown. Here, we determine the hind limb GRFs and CoM energy, work, and power during bipedalism and quadrupedalism over a range of speeds and gaits to investigate the effect of differential limb number on locomotor performance. Our results indicate that capuchin monkeys use a "grounded run" during bipedalism (0.83-1.43 ms(-1)) and primarily ambling and galloping gaits during quadrupedalism (0.91-6.0 ms(-1)). CoM energy recoveries are quite low during bipedalism (2-17%), and in general higher during quadrupedalism (4-72%). Consistent with this, hind limb vertical GRFs as well as CoM work, power, and collisional losses are higher in bipedalism than quadrupedalism. The positive CoM work is 2.04 ± 0.40 Jkg(-1) m(-1) (bipedalism) and 0.70 ± 0.29 Jkg(-1) m(-1) (quadrupedalism), which is within the range of published values for two and four-legged terrestrial animals. The results of this study confirm that facultative bipedalism in capuchins and other nonhuman primates need not be restricted to a pendulum-like walking gait, but rather can include running, albeit without an aerial phase. Based on these results and similar studies of other facultative bipeds, we suggest that important transitions in the evolution of hominin locomotor performance were the emergences of an obligate, pendulum-like walking gait and a bouncy running gait that included a whole-body aerial phase.

译文

:簇绒的卷尾猴在其自然环境中同时使用四足动物和两足动物。尽管先前的研究已经研究了肢体运动学和代谢成本,但是在两腿和四腿运动过程中其地面反作用力(GRF)和质心(CoM)力学仍然未知。在这里,我们确定了双足和四足动物在各种速度和步态下的后肢GRF和CoM能量,功和功率,以研究差异肢数对运动性能的影响。我们的研究结果表明,卷尾猴在两足动物(0.83-1.43 ms(-1))期间使用“地面跑步”,在四足动物(0.91-6.0 ms(-1))期间主要使用步态和奔腾步态。在两足动物中,CoM能量回收率非常低(2-17%),而在四足动物中,CoM能量回收率通常较高(4-72%)。与此相一致,两足动物的后肢垂直GRF以及CoM功,功率和碰撞损失要比四足动物的高。 CoM的正工作为2.04±0.40 Jkg(-1)m(-1)(双足)和0.70±0.29 Jkg(-1)m(-1)(四足),这在两个和两个的已发布值范围内四足陆生动物。这项研究的结果证实,卷尾猴和其他非人类灵长类动物的兼性两足动物不必局限于像摆一样的步行步态,而可以包括奔跑,尽管没有空中阶段。根据这些结果以及对其他兼性两足动物的类似研究,我们建议,人的自发运动能力进化的重要转变是专心的,像钟摆一样的步行步态和有弹性的奔跑步态的出现,其中包括整个身体的空中阶段。

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