The largest marine biodiversity hotspot straddles the Indian and Pacific Oceans, driven by taxa associated with tropical coral reefs. Centred on the Indo-Australian Archipelago (IAA), this biodiversity hotspot forms the 'bullseye' of a steep gradient in species richness from this centre to the periphery of the vast Indo-Pacific region. Complex patterns of endemism, wide-ranging species and assemblage differences have obscured our understanding of the genesis of this biodiversity pattern and its maintenance across two-thirds of the world's oceans. But time-calibrated molecular phylogenies coupled with ancestral biogeographic estimates have provided a valuable framework in which to examine the origins of coral reef fish biodiversity across the tropics. Herein, we examine phylogenetic and biogeographic data for coral reef fishes to highlight temporal patterns of marine endemism and tropical provinciality. The ages and distribution of endemic lineages have often been used to identify areas of species creation and demise in the marine tropics and discriminate among multiple hypotheses regarding the origins of biodiversity in the IAA. Despite a general under-sampling of endemic fishes in phylogenetic studies, the majority of locations today contain a mixture of potential paleo- and neo-endemic fishes, pointing to multiple historical processes involved in the origin and maintenance of the IAA biodiversity hotspot. Increased precision and sampling of geographic ranges for reef fishes has permitted the division of discrete realms, regions and provinces across the tropics. Yet, such metrics are only beginning to integrate phylogenetic relatedness and ancestral biogeography. Here, we integrate phylogenetic diversity with ancestral biogeographic estimation of lineages to show how assemblage structure and tropical provinciality has changed through time.

译文

:最大的海洋生物多样性热点横跨印度洋和太平洋,受热带珊瑚礁相关的生物分类所驱动。以印度-澳大利亚群岛(IAA)为中心,这个生物多样性热点形成了从该中心到广阔的印度太平洋地区外围物种丰富度陡峭梯度的“牛眼”。特有的复杂模式,种类繁多的物种和不同的组合使我们对这种生物多样性模式的起源及其在世界三分之二的海洋中的维持状态的理解模糊了。但是,经过时间校准的分子系统发育,再加上祖先的生物地理估计,已经提供了一个有价值的框架,可以用来检查整个热带地区珊瑚礁鱼生物多样性的起源。在这里,我们检查了珊瑚礁鱼类的系统发育和生物地理数据,以突出海洋特有性和热带省份的时间格局。地方血统的年龄和分布经常被用来确定海洋热带地区物种创造和灭绝的区域,并在有关IAA中生物多样性起源的多种假设之间进行区分。尽管在系统发育研究中普遍没有对特有鱼类进行采样,但今天的大多数地区都包含潜在的古特有和新特有鱼类,这表明IAA生物多样性热点的起源和维护涉及多个历史过程。珊瑚礁鱼类精确度的提高和地理范围的采样,使热带地区的离散领域,地区和省份得以划分。然而,这些指标才刚刚开始整合系统发育相关性和祖先生物地理学。在这里,我们将系统发育多样性与谱系的祖先生物地理估计相结合,以显示集合结构和热带省份如何随时间变化。

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