Soil improvement measures need to be ecologically credible, socially acceptable and economically affordable if they are to enter widespread use. However, in real world decision contexts not all measures can sufficiently meet these criteria. As such, developing, selecting and using appropriate tools to support more systematic appraisal of soil improvement measures in different decision-making contexts represents an important challenge. Tools differ in their aims, ranging from those focused on appraising issues of cost-effectiveness, wider ecosystem services impacts and adoption barriers/opportunities, to those seeking to foster participatory engagement and social learning. Despite the growing complexity of the decision-support tool landscape, comprehensive guidance for selecting tools that are best suited to appraise soil improvement measures, as well as those well-adapted to enable participatory deployment, has generally been lacking. We address this gap using the experience and survey data from an EU-funded project (RECARE: Preventing and REmediating degradation of soils in Europe through land CARE). RECARE applied different socio-cultural, biophysical and monetary appraisal tools to assess the costs, benefits and adoption of soil improvement measures across Europe. We focused on these appraisal tools and evaluated their performance against three broad attributes that gauge their differences and suitability for widespread deployment to aid stakeholder decision making in soil management. Data were collected using an online questionnaire administered to RECARE researchers. Although some tools worked better than others across case studies, the information collated was used to provide guiding strategies for choosing appropriate tools, considering resources and data availability, characterisation of uncertainty, and the purpose for which a specific soil improvement measure is being developed or promoted. This paper provides insights to others working in practical soil improvement contexts as to why getting the tools right matters. It demonstrates how use of the right tools can add value to decision-making in ameliorating soil threats, supporting the sustainable management of the services that our soil ecosystems provide.

译文

土壤改良措施要想进入广泛使用,就必须在生态上可信,社会上可接受,经济上可承受。但是,在现实世界的决策环境中,并非所有措施都能充分满足这些标准。因此,开发,选择和使用适当的工具来支持在不同决策环境中对土壤改良措施进行更系统的评估是一项重要挑战。工具的目标各不相同,从侧重于评估成本效益、更广泛的生态系统服务影响和采用障碍/机会等问题的工具,到寻求促进参与性参与和社会学习的工具。尽管决策支持工具的格局越来越复杂,但普遍缺乏选择最适合评估土壤改良措施的工具以及那些适合参与性部署的工具的综合指导。我们利用欧盟资助的项目 (RECARE: 通过土地护理预防和补救欧洲土壤退化) 的经验和调查数据来解决这一差距。Recand应用了不同的社会文化,生物物理和货币评估工具来评估整个欧洲土壤改良措施的成本,收益和采用情况。我们专注于这些评估工具,并根据三个广泛的属性评估其性能,这些属性可衡量它们的差异以及是否适合广泛部署以帮助利益相关者在土壤管理中做出决策。数据是使用在线问卷收集的,以调查研究人员。尽管一些工具在案例研究中比其他工具工作得更好,但整理的信息被用来提供选择适当工具的指导策略,考虑资源和数据可用性、不确定性的特征以及制定或推广特定土壤改良措施的目的。本文为在实际土壤改良环境中工作的其他人提供了有关为什么正确使用工具的见解。它展示了使用正确的工具如何为改善土壤威胁的决策增加价值,从而支持我们土壤生态系统提供的服务的可持续管理。

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