Exocytosis involves membrane fusion between secretory vesicles and the plasma membrane. The Soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment proteins (SNAPs) and their receptor proteins (SNAREs) interact to fuse vesicles with the membrane and trigger the release of their sialosecretome out of the tick salivary gland cells. In this study, we examined the functional significance of the Vti family of SNARE proteins of blood-feeding Amblyomma maculatum and Amblyomma americanum. Vti1A and Vti1B have been implicated in multiple functional roles in vesicle transport. QRT-PCR studies demonstrated that the highest transcriptional expression of vti1a and vti1b genes occurs in unfed salivary glands, suggesting that elevated secretory vesicle formation occurs prior to feeding but continues at low rates after blood feeding commences. Vti1A and Vti1B localize to the secretory vesicles in unfed tick salivary glands in immunofluorescence microscopy studies. Knockdown of vti1a and vti1b by RNA interference resulted in a significant decrease in the engorged tick weight compared to the control during prolonged blood-feeding on the host. RNA interference of vti1a or vti1b impaired oviposition and none of the ticks produced eggs masses. Surprisingly, the double knockdown did not produce a strong phenotype and ticks fed normally on the host and produced egg masses, suggesting a compensatory mechanism exists within the secretory system which may have been activated in the double knockdown. These results suggest an important functional role of the Vti family of SNARE proteins in tick blood feeding and ultimately oviposition. Understanding the basic functions of the Vti family of SNARE proteins in salivary glands may lead to better ways to prevent tick attachment and transmission of tick-borne diseases.

译文

胞吐作用涉及分泌囊泡和质膜之间的膜融合。可溶性N-乙基马来酰亚胺敏感因子附着蛋白 (SNAPs) 及其受体蛋白 (SNAREs) 相互作用,将囊泡与膜融合,并触发其唾液腺细胞释放出唾液腺细胞。在这项研究中,我们检查了血液喂养的黄斑弱小和美洲弱小的snal蛋白的Vti家族的功能意义。Vti1A和Vti1B在囊泡转运中具有多种功能作用。QRT-PCR研究表明,vti1a和vti1b基因的最高转录表达发生在未进食的唾液腺中,这表明分泌囊泡的形成在进食之前发生,但在开始进食后以较低的速率持续。在免疫荧光显微镜研究中,Vti1A和Vti1B定位于未进食的tick唾液腺的分泌囊泡。与对照组相比,通过RNA干扰敲除vti1a和vti1b导致在宿主上长时间采血期间,饱食的tick虫重量显着降低。vti1a或vti1b的RNA干扰损害了产卵,并且没有一个tick产生卵团。令人惊讶的是,双重敲低并没有产生强烈的表型,而蜱通常在宿主上喂食并产生卵团,这表明分泌系统中存在一种补偿机制,该机制可能已在双重敲低中被激活。这些结果表明,snal蛋白的Vti家族在tick血液喂养和最终产卵中具有重要的功能作用。了解唾液腺中snal蛋白Vti家族的基本功能可能会导致更好的方法来预防tick附着和tick传播疾病的传播。

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