In this paper, we examine Jaspers' ambiguous approach to empathy. We start by situating Jaspers' notion of empathic understanding in the context of contemporary philosophical discussions of empathy. We distinguish a phenomenological approach to interpersonal understanding from two influential accounts of other minds, namely, theory-theory and simulation-theory, and then we contrast Jaspers' notion of empathic understanding with a phenomenological approach. We distinguish two basic kinds of empathy, a prereflective nonconative kind and a more reflective conative kind. Then we argue that Jaspers' philosophical conception of human nature as restless and undefinable autonomy makes him reject any kind of comprehensive attempt to understand other people. We try to make sense of this rejection by discussing the epistemological and ethical nature of his notorious 'theorem of incomprehensibility'. This eventually leads us, by way of conclusion, to sketch a method required for making sense of those experiences that cannot be understood via ordinary empathy. The key notion of this method is called 'second-order empathy'.

译文

在本文中,我们考察了贾斯伯斯对移情的模棱两可的方法。我们首先将jaspers的移情理解概念置于当代移情哲学讨论的背景下。我们将人际关系理解的现象学方法与其他思想的两个有影响力的解释 (即理论理论和模拟理论) 区分开来,然后将jaspers的移情理解概念与现象学方法进行了对比。我们区分了两种基本的同理心,一种是反作用的非同理心,另一种是反思性的同理心。然后我们认为,贾斯贝尔斯 (jaspers) 关于人性的哲学观念是不安分和无法定义的自治,这使他拒绝任何理解他人的全面尝试。我们试图通过讨论他臭名昭著的 “不理解性定理” 的认识论和伦理性质来理解这种拒绝。最终,通过结论,这最终使我们勾勒出一种方法,以使那些无法通过普通同理心理解的经验变得有意义。此方法的关键概念称为 “二阶移情”。

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