Ultrasound speckle is a consequence of the stochastic nature of the reflectivity of scattering media (e.g., biological tissue) and of the coherent nature of piezoelectric transducers. This speckle noise can be reduced by the use of incoherent processing techniques (e.g., spatial compounding, incoherent summation, random phase and phase insensitive transducers). We present a unified framework that explains the limitations of incoherent processing in terms of the information grain theory. This theory predicts the gains in SNR as well as the losses in directivity. We also present the random phase transducer approach to incoherence to total coherence. We present applications to speckle reduction, detection of specular reflectors, attenuation estimation and ultrasound imaging. We show that totally incoherent transducers completely remove diffraction effects. They might be used in attenuation estimation, in which case, correction for diffraction is no longer required, in order to obtain unbiased estimates. Partially coherent transducers might also be useful in imaging to reduce speckle noise.

译文

超声斑点是散射介质 (例如生物组织) 的反射率的随机性质和压电换能器的相干性质的结果。可以通过使用非相干处理技术 (例如,空间复合,非相干求和,随机相位和相位不敏感的换能器) 来降低斑点噪声。我们提出了一个统一的框架,该框架根据信息谷物理论解释了不连贯处理的局限性。该理论预测了SNR的收益以及方向性的损失。我们还介绍了随机相位换能器方法,以使其与总相干性不一致。我们介绍了在散斑减少,镜面反射器的检测,衰减估计和超声成像方面的应用。我们证明了完全不相干的换能器完全消除了衍射效应。它们可以用于衰减估计,在这种情况下,不再需要衍射校正,以便获得无偏估计。部分相干换能器也可能在成像中以减少斑点噪声中有用。

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