It was long believed that central arrows needed to be spatially predictive to produce a shift in spatial attention. Recent evidence indicates, however, that central spatially nonpredictive directional cues, like arrows, will trigger reflexive shifts in attention. We asked what this recent discovery means for past studies that used predictive directional cues such as arrows. Our findings indicate that predictive arrows produce attention effects that greatly exceed the individual or summed effects of reflexive orienting to nonpredictive arrows and volitional orienting to predictive numbers. This suggests that the especially large effect produced by predictive arrows reflects an interaction between reflexive and volitional orienting. Given the broad application of the predictive arrow cueing paradigm in both past and current research, the present data shed new light on a wide range of investigations, from psychophysical studies of basic attention to behavioural and neuroimaging studies of cognition and social development.

译文

长期以来,人们一直认为中央箭头需要在空间上具有预测性,以产生空间注意力的转移。然而,最近的证据表明,中央的空间非预测性方向提示 (如箭头) 将触发注意力的反身转移。我们询问了最近的发现对过去使用诸如箭头之类的预测方向提示的研究意味着什么。我们的发现表明,预测性箭头产生的注意力影响大大超过了针对非预测性箭头的反身性和针对预测性数字的自愿性定向的个体或总和影响。这表明,预测箭头产生的特别大的效果反映了反身定向和意志定向之间的相互作用。鉴于预测箭头提示范式在过去和当前研究中的广泛应用,目前的数据为广泛的研究提供了新的思路,从基本关注的心理物理研究到认知和社会发展的行为和神经影像学研究。

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