Graphene oxide (GO) has the potential for wide applications, which necessitates an intensive investigation of its potential hazard on human and environmental health. Even if previous studies show reproductive toxicity in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, the mechanisms of reproductive toxicity by GO are poorly understood. To understand the underlying mechanisms of GO-induced reproductive toxicity, we investigated the interaction between GO and C. elegans using Raman spectroscopy, sperm counts produced by spermatogenesis, progeny and analyzed the fatty acid metabolism using molecular techniques. GO-characteristic Raman spectral bands measured throughout C. elegans, brood size and Hoecst staining of dissected gonads clearly showed GO accumulation in the reproductive organs, reduced progeny and low sperm counts, which are possibly direct results of the reproductive toxicity from GO exposure. Interestingly, reduced fatty acid metabolites, such as stearic, oleic, palmitoleic, and palmitic acids, were found with GO exposure. We found that GO increased intestinal fat accumulation in wild type N2, fat-5(tm420), and fat-7(wa36) mutants, whereas it decreased fat storage in the fat-6(tm331) and nhr-49(nr2041) mutants. GO exposure affected C. elegans fat accumulation and consumption, which was possibly regulated by daf-16 and nhr-80 gene activity. Also, GO exposure suppressed the survival of long-lived fat-5(tm420) mutants, whereas it increased the survival of short-lived nhr-49(nr2041) mutants. Hence, our studies collectively indicated that GO accumulation in reproductive organs, suppression of spermatogenesis, and the alteration of fatty acid metabolism play critical roles in understanding mechanisms of toxicity in C. elegans.

译文

:氧化石墨烯(GO)具有广泛的应用潜力,因此有必要深入研究其对人体和环境健康的潜在危害。即使先前的研究表明线虫秀丽隐杆线虫的生殖毒性,对GO生殖毒性的机制仍知之甚少。为了了解GO诱导的生殖毒性的潜在机制,我们使用拉曼光谱法研究了GO和秀丽隐杆线虫之间的相互作用,由精子发生产生的精子数量,子代,并使用分子技术分析了脂肪酸代谢。在整个秀丽隐杆线虫中测得的GO特征拉曼光谱带,切出的性腺的亲代大小和Hoecst染色清楚地表明GO在生殖器官中积累,子代减少和精子数量减少,这可能是GO接触导致生殖毒性的直接结果。有趣的是,GO暴露后发现脂肪酸的代谢产物减少,例如硬脂酸,油酸,棕榈油酸和棕榈酸。我们发现GO增加了野生型N2,fat-5(tm420)和fat-7(wa36)突变体中肠道脂肪的积累,而它降低了fat-6(tm331)和nhr-49(nr2041)突变体中的脂肪储存。 GO暴露影响线虫脂肪的积累和消耗,这可能受daf-16和nhr-80基因活性的调节。此外,GO暴露抑制了长寿命的fat-5(tm420)突变体的存活,而增加了短寿命的nhr-49(nr2041)突变体的存活。因此,我们的研究共同表明,GO在生殖器官中的蓄积,精子生成的抑制以及脂肪酸代谢的改变在了解秀丽隐杆线虫的毒性机理中起着至关重要的作用。

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