INTRODUCTION:There is growing attention to social mobility's impact on tobacco use, but few studies have differentiated the two conceptually distinct mechanisms through which changes in social class can affect tobacco smoking: the class status effect and the mobility effect. AIMS AND METHODS:I applied Diagonal Reference Modeling to smoking and heavy smoking among respondents of the 1991 China Health and Nutrition Survey who were revisited two decades later in 2011 (n = 3841, 49% male, baseline mean age was 38 years). I divided the sample into six social classes (non-employment, self-employed, owners, workers, farmers, and retirees) and measured social mobility by changes in income and occupational prestige. RESULTS:About 61.7% of men were smokers and those from the classes of workers, owners, and self-employees consumed more cigarettes compared to the unemployed, but women smokers (3.7%) tend to be from the lower classes (unemployed and farmers). Controlling for social class, each 1000 Yuan increase in annual income led to smoking 0.03 more cigarettes (p < .05) and 1% increase (p < .05) in the likelihood of heavy smoking among men, but the income effect is null for women. Upwardly mobile men (a 10-points surge in occupational prestige) smoked like their destination class (weight = 78%), whereas men with downward mobility were more similar to peers in the original class (weight = 60%). CONCLUSIONS:Contrary to the social gradient in smoking in other industrial countries, higher class status and upward mobility are each associated with more smoking among Chinese men, but not among women. IMPLICATIONS:Tobacco control policies should prioritize male smoking at workplaces and the instrumental purposes of using tobacco as gifts and social lubricant. Taxation may counter the surge in smoking brought by individuals' income increase after upward mobility. Caution should be paid to women joining the similar social gradient in smoking as they gain foothold in the labor market.

译文

简介:人们越来越关注社会流动性对烟草使用的影响,但是很少有研究区分社会阶层变化可影响吸烟的两种概念上不同的机制:阶级地位效应和流动性效应。
目的和方法:我在19​​91年中国健康与营养调查的受访者中对吸烟和重度吸烟应用了对角参考模型,他们在二十年后的2011年进行了重新调查(n = 3841,男性为49%,基线平均年龄为38岁)。我将样本分为六个社会类别(非就业,个体经营,所有者,工人,农民和退休人员),并通过收入和职业声望的变化来衡量社会流动性。
结果:大约61.7%的男性是吸烟者,与失业者相比,来自工人,所有者和自雇工人阶级的人们吸烟更多,但女性烟民(3.7%)的吸烟者往往来自较低阶层的人群(失业者和农民) 。如果控制社会阶层,则每增加1000元的年收入,可使吸烟者增加0.03支卷烟(p <.05),男性吸烟率增加1%(p <.05),但收入影响无效。女性。向上流动的男性(职业声望提高了10分)吸烟,如目的地班级(体重= 78%),而行动不便的男性与原始班级的同龄人(体重= 60%)更相似。
结论:与其他工业化国家的吸烟社会梯度相反,较高的阶级地位和向上的流动性与中国男性吸烟增加有关,而女性之间则没有。
含义:烟草控制政策应优先考虑在工作场所男性吸烟,以及使用烟草作为礼物和社会润滑剂的工具性目的。税收可以抵消个人因向上流动后收入增加而引起的吸烟激增。当妇女在劳动力市场中站稳脚跟时,应谨慎对待加入类似社会梯度吸烟的妇女。

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