The central nervous system undergoes several dynamic changes during sleep, which are coordinated by the pons, basal forebrain areas, and other subcortical structures and are mediated by three major neurotransmitters-norepinephrine, serotonin, and acetylcholine. The neuronal populations that produce these neuromodulators constitute the central representation of the sympathetic and parasympathetic subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system. The locus coeruleus (noradrenergic) and the raphe nucleus (serotoninergic) are most active during waking and become progressively less active in the transition from non-rapid eye movement (non-REM) to rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. On the other hand, the cholinergic neurons in the dorsolateral tegmental and pedunculopontine nuclei area are active both during waking and REM sleep. Over the past decade, a number of studies have provided interesting new evidence supporting the role of sleep in sleep-dependent memory processing. These studies have been directed specifically towards the role of sleep in memory encoding, memory consolidation, brain plasticity and memory reconsolidation, and have confirmed the hypothesis that sleep contributes importantly to processes of memory and brain plasticity. It has been shown in humans that sleep triggers overnight learning on a motor-sequence memory task, while equivalent waking periods produce no such improvement. These findings have important implications for acquiring real-life skills and in clinical rehabilitation following brain trauma and stroke.

译文

:中枢神经系统在睡眠过程中会经历一些动态变化,这些变化由脑桥,基底前脑区域和其他皮质下结构协调,并由三种主要的神经递质-去甲肾上腺素,5-羟色胺和乙酰胆碱介导。产生这些神经调节剂的神经元群体构成了自主神经系统交感神经和副交感神经细分的主要代表。醒来时,蓝斑(去甲肾上腺素能)和核中核(5-羟色胺能)最活跃,并且在从非快速眼动(non-REM)到快速眼动(REM)睡眠的过渡过程中,逐渐变弱。另一方面,在清醒和快速眼动睡眠期间,背外侧被盖区和足桥骨核区域的胆碱能神经元均活跃。在过去的十年中,许多研究提供了有趣的新证据来支持睡眠在依赖于睡眠的记忆处理中的作用。这些研究专门针对睡眠在记忆编码,记忆巩固,脑可塑性和记忆重建中的作用,并证实了以下假设:睡眠在记忆和脑可塑性过程中起重要作用。在人类中已经证明,睡眠触发了对运动序列记忆任务的通宵学习,而等效的醒着时间则没有这种改善。这些发现对于获得现实生活的技能以及脑外伤和中风后的临床康复具有重要意义。

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