Drug induced cognitive change is generally investigated using small sample sizes. In terms of null hypothesis significance testing (NHST) this can render a meaningful change non-significant, as a result of insufficient power in the statistical model. NHST leads to 'all or none' thinking, where a non-significant result is interpreted as an absence of change. An effect size calculation indicates the magnitude of change which has occurred post-intervention, and therefore whether a significant result is meaningful. We used a scopolamine challenge to demonstrate the usefulness of effect sizes. The aim of the study was to determine how effect sizes could describe the cognitive changes that occur following administration of subcutaneous scopolamine (s.c. scopolamine). Twenty four healthy young males (M = 32.6, sd = 4.5 years) were administered placebo and 0.2 mg, 0.4 mg & 0.6 mg of s.c. scopolamine using a 4-way crossover design. Memory, learning, psychomotor function, attention and executive function were assessed. Scopolamine significantly impaired performance on all tasks in a dose and time related manner. These results demonstrate the functionality of change scores to draw comparisons between different times and doses. This methodology overcomes the limitations of comparisons between studies using different tasks, doses and time at which cognitive functions are measured.

译文

:药物引起的认知变化通常使用小样本量进行研究。就无效假设显着性检验(NHST)而言,由于统计模型中的功效不足,这可能导致有意义的变化变得不显着。 NHST导致“全有或全无”的思想,其中不重要的结果被解释为没有变化。效应大小的计算表明干预后发生的变化的幅度,并因此表明显着的结果是否有意义。我们使用东pol碱挑战来证明效果大小的有用性。该研究的目的是确定效应大小如何描述皮下注射东pol碱(s.c.东following碱)后发生的认知变化。二十四名健康的年轻男性(M = 32.6,sd = 4.5岁)被给予安慰剂和0.2 mg,0.4 mg和0.6 mg的皮下注射。东pol碱采用四向交叉设计。评估记忆,学习,精神运动功能,注意力和执行功能。东co碱以剂量和时间相关的方式严重损害了所有任务的表现。这些结果证明了变化评分功能可以在不同时间和剂量之间进行比较。这种方法克服了使用不同任务,剂量和时间测量认知功能的研究之间进行比较的局限性。

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