BACKGROUND:The global financial crisis emerging in 2008 struck Greece especially hard, whereas Scandinavian countries were less affected. This has created a unique opportunity to study the long-term effect of community stress on populations. Increasing frequencies of mental health issues and poorer perceived health among the Greek population have been reported. The physiological marker of long-term stress, cortisol in hair, is applied in this study together with measures of perceived health and stress, depression and anxiety. Our aim was to study self-reported and physiological stress, perceived health, including mental health, in the general population of Greece compared to Scandinavia, in order to assess long-term effects of the economic crisis on these parameters. METHODS:A cross-sectional comparative study of adult (18-65 years) Primary Health Care visitors from semi-rural areas in Greece (n = 84) and Scandinavia (n = 140). Data collection was performed in 2012, and encompassed a questionnaire with a variety of health and stress indicators as well as hair samples for analyzes of cortisol levels. RESULTS:The Greek sample reported significantly poorer overall health (p < 0.0001) than the Scandinavians and a significantly higher perceived stress (p < 0.0001). The Greeks were also less hopeful of the future (p < 0.0001), and to a larger extent fulfilled the HAD criteria for depression (p < 0.0001) and anxiety (p = 0.002). The strongest predictors explaining ill health in logistic regressions were being Greek (p = 0.001) and feeling hopeless about the future p = 0.001, OR = 6.00 (CI 2.10-14.88). Strong predictors in logistic regressions for high perceived stress were anxiety: high (p < 0.0001) and medium (p = 0.0001), as well as medium depression (p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS:Greek adult Primary Health Care visitors perceived their health more negatively than the Scandinavians, including a higher presence of depression, anxiety, and a lower hope for the future. The Greeks also reported higher perceived stress, but this was not reflected in higher cortisol levels. The findings presented here, identify possible adverse long-term effects of the economic crisis in the examined Greek population that are not seen in the Scandinavian cohort. These differences may also be interpreted against the background of socio-cultural differences in the northern and south-eastern corners of Europe.

译文

背景:2008年爆发的全球金融危机对希腊的打击尤其严重,而斯堪的纳维亚国家受到的影响较小。这为研究社区压力对人口的长期影响创造了独特的机会。据报道,希腊人口中精神健康问题的发生率越来越高,而人们所感知的健康状况也较差。这项长期压力的生理指标,即头发中的皮质醇,与感知健康和压力,抑郁和焦虑的测量方法一起用于这项研究。我们的目的是研究与斯堪的纳维亚半岛相比,希腊普通民众的自我报告和生理压力,包括精神健康在内的感知健康,以便评估经济危机对这些参数的长期影响。
方法:来自希腊(n = 84)和斯堪的纳维亚(n = 140)半农村地区的成年人(18-65岁)初级卫生保健访问者的横断面比较研究。数据收集于2012年进行,其中包括问卷调查表,其中包含各种健康和压力指标以及用于分析皮质醇水平的头发样本。
结果:希腊样本报告的总体健康状况显着低于斯堪的纳维亚人(p <0.0001),感知压力显着更高(p <0.0001)。希腊人对未来的希望也较小(p <0.0001),并在很大程度上满足了HAD抑郁(p <0.0001)和焦虑(p = 0.002)的标准。在逻辑回归中解释健康不良的最强预测因子是希腊语(p = 0.001),对未来的p = 0.001,OR,= 6.00(CI 2.10-14.88)感到绝望。高感知压力的逻辑回归的强烈预测指标是焦虑:高(p <0.0001)和中度(p = 0.0001)以及中度抑郁(p = 0.02)。
结论:希腊成人初级卫生保健访问者比斯堪的纳维亚人对健康的看法更负面,包括抑郁症,焦虑症的患病率更高,对未来的希望更低。希腊人还报告了较高的感知压力,但这并未反映在皮质醇水平较高的情况下。此处提出的发现确定了受调查的希腊人口中经济危机可能造成的长期不利影响,这在斯堪的纳维亚人队列中未见。这些差异也可以在欧洲北部和东南部角落的社会文化差异的背景下加以解释。

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