High specificity in the Ficus-agaonid wasp mutualism has lead to the assumption of a mostly 'one-to-one' relationship, albeit with some exceptions. This view has been challenged by new molecular data in recent years, but surprisingly little is known about local and spatial genetic structuring of agaonid wasp populations. Using microsatellite markers, we analysed genetic structuring of Ceratosolen fusciceps, the fig wasp pollinating Ficus racemosa, a fig tree species widely distributed from India to Australia. In sampling stretching from the south of China to the south of Thailand we found evidence for only a single pollinating wasp species in continental South-East Asian mainland. We found no evidence for the co-occurrence of cryptic species within our subcontinent sampling zone. We observed no spatial genetic structure within sites and only limited structuring over the whole sampling zone, suggesting that F. racemosa is pollinated by a single population of a single agaonid wasp species all over continental South-East Asia. An additional sample of wasps collected on F. racemosa in Australia showed clear-cut genetic differentiation from the Asian continent, suggesting allopatric divergence into subspecies or species. We propose that the frequent local co-occurrence of sister species found in the literature mainly stems from contact zones between biogeographic regions, and that a single pollinator species over wide areas might be the more common situation everywhere else.

译文

尽管有一些例外,但榕-agaonid wasp的高度特异性导致了大多数 “一对一” 关系的假设。近年来,新的分子数据对这种观点提出了挑战,但令人惊讶的是,对agaonid wasp种群的局部和空间遗传结构知之甚少。使用微卫星标记,我们分析了Ceratosolen fusciceps的遗传结构,Ceratosolen fusciceps是无花果黄蜂授粉榕花叶,这是一种从印度到澳大利亚广泛分布的无花果树种。在从中国南部到泰国南部的采样中,我们发现了东南亚大陆上只有一种授粉黄蜂物种的证据。我们没有发现在我们的次大陆采样区内同时出现隐秘物种的证据。我们在整个采样区域内没有观察到空间遗传结构,并且仅在整个采样区域内结构有限,这表明总状花序是由整个东南亚大陆的单个agaonid黄蜂物种的单个种群授粉的。在澳大利亚的总状花序上收集的另一只黄蜂样本显示出与亚洲大陆的明显遗传分化,表明异种分化为亚种或物种。我们认为,文献中发现的姐妹物种经常在当地同时出现,主要是由于生物地理区域之间的接触区,而在广阔的区域中,单个授粉媒介物种可能是其他地方更常见的情况。

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