Terminal flower-like structures (TFLS) occur in many angiosperms that possess indeterminate inflorescences such as spikes, racemes, or spadices. We describe and review TFLS in early-divergent angiosperms, especially the magnoliid order Piperales and the monocot order Alismatales, in which floral interpretation is controversial. Essentially similar TFLS occur in a wide range of taxa. Among magnoliids, they occur in some Piperales (Saururaceae and a few Piperaceae), but are absent from Chloranthaceae. Among monocots, they occur in some early-divergent families such as Acoraceae, Aponogetonaceae, Juncaginaceae, Potamogetonaceae, and Ruppiaceae. Similar TFLS with obscure organ identity are recorded in mutants of Arabidopsis. TFLS can often be interpreted as pseudanthia (close aggregations of reduced flowers), but in some cases the entire terminal pseudanthium is very similar to a true flower. In some cases, elaborated TFLS could therefore have given rise to what are normally termed 'true' (i.e. euanthial) flowers. Data presented here on terminal pseudanthia in Potamogeton and Ruppia support a pseudanthial evolutionary origin of reproductive units in the alismatid families Zannichelliaceae and Cymodoceaceae. Furthermore, in some alismatid species, either the entire inflorescence apex or an individual primordium at or near the inflorescence tip can be transformed into a filamentous or tubular (or intermediate) structure. A tubular structure enclosing stamens and carpels is described in Piper. This indicates that pseudanthium formation can provoke morphological novelties, perhaps due to new patterns of overlap between expression zones of regulatory genes and/or new spatial constraints.

译文

末端花状结构 (tfl) 出现在许多被子植物中,这些被子植物具有不确定的花序,例如穗状花序,总状花序或穗状花序。我们描述并审查了早期发散的被子植物中的tfl,尤其是木兰状的Piperales和单子叶植物的Alismatales,其中的花卉解释是有争议的。基本上相似的tfl出现在广泛的分类单元中。在木兰属植物中,它们出现在某些胡椒中 (Saururaceae和一些胡椒科),但在金黄科中却没有。在单子叶植物中,它们出现在一些早期发散的家族中,例如橡果科,木瓜科,木瓜科,木瓜科和Ruppiaceae。在拟南芥的突变体中记录了具有模糊器官身份的类似tfl。Tfl通常可以解释为假单胞菌 (减少的花朵的紧密聚集),但在某些情况下,整个终端假单胞菌与真正的花朵非常相似。因此,在某些情况下,精心制作的tfl可能会产生通常称为 “真” (即euanthial) 的花朵。此处提供的有关Potamogeton和Ruppia的末端假单胞菌的数据支持了泽泻科Zannichelliaceae和Cymodoceaceae中生殖单位的假单胞菌进化起源。此外,在某些泽泻物种中,整个花序先端或花序尖端处或附近的单个原基可以转化为丝状或管状 (或中间) 结构。Piper中描述了包围雄蕊和心皮的管状结构。这表明假单胞菌的形成可能会引起形态上的新颖性,这可能是由于调控基因表达区之间的新重叠模式和/或新的空间限制所致。

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