The sexes often have different phenotypic optima for important life-history traits, and because of a largely shared genome this can lead to a conflict over trait expression. In mammals, the obligate costs of reproduction are higher for females, making reproductive timing and rate especially liable to conflict between the sexes. While studies from wild vertebrates support such sexual conflict, it remains unexplored in humans. We used a pedigreed human population from preindustrial Finland to estimate sexual conflict over age at first and last reproduction, reproductive lifespan and reproductive rate. We found that the phenotypic selection gradients differed between the sexes. We next established significant heritabilities in both sexes for all traits. All traits, except reproductive rate, showed strongly positive intersexual genetic correlations and were strongly genetically correlated with fitness in both sexes. Moreover, the genetic correlations with fitness were almost identical in men and women. For reproductive rate, the intersexual correlation and the correlation with fitness were weaker but again similar between the sexes. Thus, in this population, an apparent sexual conflict at the phenotypic level did not reflect an underlying genetic conflict over the studied reproductive traits. These findings emphasize the need for incorporating genetic perspectives into studies of human life-history evolution.

译文

对于重要的生活史特征,性别通常具有不同的表型最优,并且由于大量共享的基因组,这可能导致性状表达冲突。在哺乳动物中,雌性的繁殖成本较高,这使得繁殖时间和繁殖速度特别容易引起性别之间的冲突。尽管野生脊椎动物的研究支持这种性冲突,但在人类中仍未探索。我们使用了来自工业化前芬兰的纯种人口来估计最初和最后一次生殖,生殖寿命和生殖率随年龄的发生性冲突。我们发现表型选择梯度在性别之间有所不同。接下来,我们在所有性状的两性中都建立了显着的遗传力。除生殖率外,所有性状均显示出强烈的正向性间遗传相关性,并且与两性的适应性都具有强烈的遗传相关性。此外,男性和女性与健康的遗传相关性几乎相同。就生殖率而言,两性相关性和与适应性的相关性较弱,但两性之间又相似。因此,在该人群中,表型水平上的明显性冲突并未反映出所研究生殖性状的潜在遗传冲突。这些发现强调了将遗传观点纳入人类生活史进化研究的必要性。

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