If an ancestral stem group repeatedly colonizes similar environments, developmental plasticity specific to that group should consistently give rise to similar phenotypes. Parallel selection on those similar phenotypes could lead to the repeated evolution of characteristic ecotypes, a property common to many adaptive radiations. A key prediction of this "flexible stem" model of adaptive radiation is that patterns of phenotypic divergence in derived groups should mirror patterns of developmental plasticity in their common ancestor. The threespine stickleback radiation provides an excellent opportunity to test this prediction because the marine form is representative of the ancestral stem group, which has repeatedly given rise to several characteristic ecotypes. We examined plasticity of several aspects of shape and trophic morphology in response to diets characteristic of either the derived benthic ecotype or the limnetic ecotype. When marine fish were reared on alternative diets, plasticity of head and mouth shape paralleled phenotypic divergence between the derived ecotypes, supporting the flexible stem model. Benthic and limnetic fish exhibited patterns of plasticity similar to those of the marine population; however, some differences in population means were present, as well as subtle differences in shape plasticity in the benthic population, indicating a role for genetic accommodation in this system.

译文

如果祖先的茎群反复定居在相似的环境中,则该群体特有的发育可塑性应始终产生相似的表型。对这些相似表型的平行选择可能导致特征性生态型的重复进化,这是许多适应性辐射的共同特征。这种适应性辐射的 “柔性茎” 模型的关键预测是,衍生群体的表型差异模式应反映其共同祖先的发育可塑性模式。Threeshine stickleback辐射为测试此预测提供了绝佳的机会,因为海洋形式代表了祖先茎群,该祖先茎群反复产生了几种特征性的生态型。我们研究了形状和营养形态几个方面的可塑性,以响应衍生的底栖生态型或边缘生态型的饮食特征。当以替代饮食饲养海水鱼时,头部和嘴巴形状的可塑性与衍生生态型之间的表型差异平行,支持柔性茎模型。底栖鱼类和limnetic鱼类表现出与海洋种群相似的可塑性模式; 但是,在底栖动物种群中存在种群方式上的一些差异,以及形状可塑性上的细微差异,表明该系统中的遗传调节作用。

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