The reticulate leaf vein pattern typical of angiosperms is proposed to have been a driving force for their evolutionary success. Vein pattern is established through auxin canalization via the auxin efflux protein PINFORMED1 (PIN1). During formation of vein loops, PIN1 cellular localization is increasingly restricted to either the basal side of cells in the lower domain or to the apical side in the upper domain. We previously identified the gene FORKED1 (FKD1) to be required for PIN1 asymmetric localization and for the formation of closed vein loops. FKD1 encodes a plant-specific protein with a domain of unknown function (DUF828) and a Pleckstrin-like homology domain. The Arabidopsis genome encodes eight similar proteins, which we term the FORKED1-LIKE (FL) gene family. Five FL family members localize primarily to the trans-Golgi network or the Golgi, and several co-localize with FKD1-green flourescent protein (GFP) and RABA1c, suggesting action in the secretory pathway. While single FL gene family mutations do not result in vein pattern defects, triple mutants with mutations in FKD1, FL2, and FL3 result in a more symmetric PIN1 localization and a highly disconnected vein pattern. Our data suggest that FL genes act redundantly with FKD1 in the secretory pathway to establish appropriate PIN1 localization in provascular tissue.

译文

被子植物典型的网状叶脉模式被认为是其进化成功的驱动力。通过生长素外排蛋白PINFORMED1 (PIN1) 通过生长素管化建立静脉模式。在形成静脉环的过程中,PIN1细胞的定位越来越局限于下部结构域的细胞的基底侧或上部结构域的顶端侧。我们先前确定了PIN1不对称定位和形成闭合静脉环所必需的基因forkd1 (FKD1)。FKD1编码具有未知功能结构域 (DUF828) 和类似Pleckstrin的同源结构域的植物特异性蛋白。拟南芥基因组编码八种相似的蛋白质,我们称之为FORKED1-LIKE (FL) 基因家族。五个FL家族成员主要定位于跨高尔基体网络或高尔基体,几个与FKD1-green荧光蛋白 (GFP) 和RABA1c共同定位,表明在分泌途径中起作用。虽然单个FL基因家族突变不会导致静脉模式缺陷,但FKD1,FL2和FL3突变的三重突变体会导致更对称的PIN1定位和高度断开的静脉模式。我们的数据表明,FL基因在分泌途径中与FKD1重复作用,以在血管组织中建立适当的PIN1定位。

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