Urbanization can increase the vulnerability of soils to various types of contamination. Increased contamination of urban soils with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) could relate to increased number of petrol pump stations and mechanical workshops-a phenomenon that needs to be constantly monitored. This study was undertaken to explore the soil PAH levels in Rawalpindi and Islamabad urban areas in relation to land use activities. Composite soil samples from petrol pump stations and mechanical workshops (n = 32) areas were evaluated for five PAHs--naphthalene, phenanthrene, pyrene, benzo[a]pyrene, and indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene-and compared with control area locations with minimum petroleum-related activity (n = 16). Surface samples up to 3 cm depth were collected and extraction of analytes was carried out using n-hexane and dichloromethane. Prior to running the samples, standards (100 μg ml(-1)) were run on HPLC to optimize signal to noise ratio using acetonitrile as mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.25 ml/min at 40 °C. Significant differences between petrol pump stations and mechanical workshop areas were observed for individual PAH as well as with control area soil samples. Naphthalene was found to be the most abundant PAH in soil, ranging from 2.47 to 24.36 mg kg(-1). Correlation between the benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) level in soil and the total PAH concentration (r = 0.82, P < 0.0001) revealed that BaP can be used as a potential marker for PAH pollution. A clear segregation between petrogenic and pyrogenic sources of contamination was observed when low molecular weight PAHs detected in soil was plotted against high molecular weight PAHs. The former source comprised lubricants and used engine oil found at mechanical workshops, whereas the latter could be mostly attributed to vehicular emission at petrol pumps. The results indicate that PAH contamination in urban areas of Rawalpindi and Islamabad has direct relevance with land use for petroleum activity. We conclude that in order to reduce the soil PAH exposure in urban environment, petrol pumps and mechanical workshops must be shifted to less densely populated areas because of their role as important point sources for PAH emission.

译文

城市化会增加土壤对各种污染的脆弱性。多环芳烃 (PAH) 对城市土壤的污染增加可能与加油站和机械车间的数量增加有关-这种现象需要不断监测。进行这项研究是为了探索拉瓦尔品第和伊斯兰堡城市地区与土地利用活动有关的土壤PAH水平。评估了来自加油站和机械车间 (n   =   32) 地区的复合土壤样品中的五种PAHs-萘,菲,芘,苯并 [a] 芘和茚并 (1,2,3-cd) 芘-并与具有最小石油相关活性的控制区位置 (n   =   16) 进行比较。收集高达3厘米深度的表面样品,并使用正己烷和二氯甲烷进行分析物的提取。在运行样品之前,标准 (100 μ g ml(-1)) 在HPLC上运行,以使用乙腈作为流动相在40 °C下以1.25毫升/min的流速优化信噪比。在加油站和机械车间区域之间观察到单个PAH以及对照区域土壤样品的显着差异萘是土壤中最丰富的多环芳烃,2.47 ~ 24.36 mg kg(-1)。土壤中苯并 [a] 芘 (BaP) 含量与总PAH浓度的相关性 (r   =   0.82,P  <  0.0001) 揭示了BaP可用作PAH污染的潜在标记。当在土壤中检测到的低分子量PAHs与高分子量PAHs作图时,观察到岩石成因和热成因污染源之间的明显分离。前来源包括润滑剂和机械车间发现的用过的机油,而后者可能主要归因于汽油泵的车辆排放。结果表明,拉瓦尔品第和伊斯兰堡的城市地区的PAH污染与石油活动的土地使用直接相关。我们得出结论,为了减少城市环境中的土壤PAH暴露,汽油泵和机械车间必须转移到人口较少的地区,因为它们是PAH排放的重要点源。

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