BACKGROUND:Among adolescent novice smokers, craving is often the first, and is the most reported, symptom of nicotine dependence. Until now, little has been known about the development of craving symptoms in novice smokers. The aim of this study was to identify specific genetic (i.e., DRD2 Taq1A, DRD4 48 bp VNTR, and OPRM1 A118G polymorphisms) and environmental mechanisms that underlie the emergence of both cue-induced and cognitive craving among adolescent novice smokers. METHOD:A five-wave longitudinal, genetically-informed survey study was conducted with intervals of four months. The sample included 376 early adolescent smokers (12-13 years of age at baseline). Self-report questionnaires were completed regarding smoking behavior, observed parental smoking behavior, and both cue-induced and cognitive craving. RESULTS:Data were analyzed with a latent growth curve approach. For both cue-induced and cognitive craving, significant interaction effects were found for DRD2 Taq1A with parental smoke exposure. A1-allele carriers did not seem to be influenced by the environment with regard to craving development. Adolescents who are homozygous for the A2-allele and who are more exposed to parental smoking experience the highest levels of both types of craving over time. No significant interaction effects were found between parental smoke exposure and DRD4 48 bp VNTR or OPRM1 A118G. CONCLUSIONS:Previous studies identified DRD2 Taq1A A1-allele carriers as vulnerable to developing nicotine dependence. However, this study showed that parental smoking increased the chances of developing dependence more rapidly for early adolescents who are considered to be less sensitive to the rewarding effects of nicotine according to their DRD2 Taq1A genotype. It is thus especially important that these young people not be exposed to smoking in their social environment.

译文

背景:在青少年新手吸烟者中,渴望通常是尼古丁依赖的首发症状,也是报道最多的症状。直到现在,对于新手吸烟者的渴望症状的发展还知之甚少。这项研究的目的是确定特定的遗传因素(即DRD2 Taq1A,DRD4 48 bp VNTR和OPRM1 A118G多态性)和环境机制,这些机制是青春期新手吸烟者因提示和认知渴望而出现的。
方法:以遗传信息为基础的五波纵向调查,每四个月进行一次。该样本包括376名青少年早期吸烟者(基线年龄为12-13岁)。完成了关于吸烟行为,观察到的父母吸烟行为以及提示和认知渴望的自我报告调查表。
结果:数据采用潜伏增长曲线法进行了分析。对于提示诱导的和认知的渴望,发现DRD2 Taq1A与父母的烟雾接触具有显着的相互作用。在渴望发展方面,A1等位基因携带者似乎不受环境的影响。随着时间的流逝,对于A2-等位基因纯合的青少年和更容易接受父母吸烟的青少年,两种类型的渴望的水平最高。父母的烟雾暴露与DRD4 48 bp VNTR或OPRM1 A118G之间没有发现显着的相互作用。
结论:先前的研究确定DRD2 Taq1A A1等位基因携带者易受尼古丁依赖的发展。然而,这项研究表明,父母吸烟对于那些根据其DRD2 Taq1A基因型对尼古丁的奖励作用不那么敏感的早期青少年增加了更快发展依赖性的机会。因此,尤其重要的是,这些年轻人不要在其社交环境中接触吸烟。

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