We report on the oldest European songbird (Passeriformes), from the early Oligocene (30-34 million years ago) of Frauenweiler in Germany. The specimen represents the earliest associated remains of an early Tertiary passerine described so far. It ties the first appearance of Passeriformes in Europe to a minimum age of 30 million years. Passeriform birds are absent in Eocene deposits that yielded abundant remains of small land birds and apparently dispersed into Europe around the Eocene/Oligocene boundary (about 34 million years ago), not at the Oligocene/Miocene boundary (about 24 mya) as hitherto thought. This possibly relates the appearance of songbirds in Europe to a well-known major faunistic break at the Eocene/Oligocene boundary, called the " grande coupure". The Frauenweiler songbird most notably differs from extant Passeriformes in having a larger processus procoracoideus on the coracoid and appears to be outside Eupasseres, the taxon which includes Oscines (all modern European and most Old World songbirds) and Suboscines (most South and Central American songbirds). It shows that there were earlier dispersal events of non-oscine songbirds into Europe before the arrival of Oscines from the Australian continental plate towards the late Oligocene.

译文

:我们报道了德国Frauenweiler最早的渐新世(30-34百万年前)的欧洲最古老的鸣禽(Passeriformes)。该标本代表了迄今描述的最早的第三级pass鱼的相关遗骸。它把Passeriformes在欧洲的首次出现与至少3000万年的年龄联系在一起。始新世沉积中没有Passeriform鸟类,这些鸟类产生了大量的小陆鸟遗骸,显然在始新世/渐新世边界(约3400万年前)周围分布在欧洲,而不是迄今所认为的渐新世/中新世边界(约24 mya)。这可能将欧洲鸣禽的出现与始新世/渐新世边界上的一个著名的重大断裂(称为“巨大政变”)联系起来。 Frauenweiler鸣禽与现存的Passeriformes的最大不同之处在于,其喙突上有较大的过程,并且似乎在Eupasseres之外,该群包括Oscines(所有现代欧洲和大多数旧世界鸣禽)和Suboscines(大多数南美和中美洲鸣禽) 。它表明,在从澳大利亚大陆板块到渐新世晚期的Oscines到达欧洲之前,有非Oscine鸣鸟进入欧洲的传播事件较早。

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