Our previous study showed that YGGFMKKKFMRFamide (YFa), a chimeric peptide of Met-enkephalin, and Phe-Met-Arg-Phe-NH2 induced naloxone-reversible antinociception and attenuated the development of tolerance to morphine analgesia. In continuation, the present study investigated which specific opioid receptors-mu, delta or kappa-mediate the observed YFa antinociception pharmacologically using specific antagonists and whether chronic administration of YFa at 26.01 micromol/kg per day induces tolerance and its effect on the expression of mu and kappa opioid receptors from day 4 to day 6, with endomorphine-1 (EM-1) and saline taken as positive and negative controls, respectively. Quantitative differential expression analysis was carried out by real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, and the corresponding changes in protein levels were assessed by Western blot. A pharmacological investigation revealed that nor-binaltorphimine, a specific kappa opioid receptor-1 (KOR1) antagonist, completely antagonized the antinociception induced by 39.01 micromol/kg of YFa. Importantly, its chronic intraperitoneal administration did not result in significant tolerance over 6 days, whereas EM-1 induced significant tolerance after day 4. Differential expression analysis revealed that EM-1 caused up-regulation of mu opioid receptor-1 on day 4, followed by down-regulation on later days. Interestingly, YFa treatment caused a decrease on day 4, followed by an increase in the expression of KOR1 from day 5 onward. In conclusion, YFa induces kappa-specific antinociception, with no development of tolerance during 6 days of chronic treatment, which further articulates new directions for improved designing of peptide-based analgesics that may be devoid of adverse effects like tolerance.

译文

我们先前的研究表明,甲基脑啡肽的嵌合肽ygsfkkfmrfamide (YFa) 和Phe-Met-Arg-Phe-NH2诱导了纳洛酮可逆的抗伤害感受,并减弱了对吗啡镇痛的耐受性。在继续,本研究调查了哪种特定的阿片受体-mu,delta或kappa-介导使用特异性拮抗剂在药理学上观察到的YFa抗伤害感受,以及从第4天到第6天以每天26.01微mol/kg的YFa慢性给药是否诱导耐受性及其对mu和kappa阿片受体表达的影响,endomorphine-1 (EM-1) 和生理盐水分别作为阳性和阴性对照。通过实时逆转录酶聚合酶链反应进行定量差异表达分析,并通过Western blot评估蛋白质水平的相应变化。一项药理学研究表明,诺比亚托芬 (nor-binaltorphimine) 是一种特定的 κ 阿片受体1 (KOR1) 拮抗剂,完全拮抗由39.01微摩尔/千克YFa诱导的抗伤害感受。重要的是,它的慢性腹膜内给药在6天内没有导致明显的耐受性,而EM-1在第4天后诱导了明显的耐受性。差异表达分析表明,EM-1在第4天引起mu阿片受体1的上调,随后在随后的几天下调。有趣的是,YFa处理在第4天引起减少,然后从第5天开始增加KOR1的表达。总之,YFa诱导kappa特异性抗伤害感受,在慢性治疗的6天内没有耐受性的发展,这进一步阐明了改善基于肽的镇痛药设计的新方向,这些镇痛药可能没有耐受性等不良影响。

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