BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of oral health impact on daily performance in Brazilian adults. 276 civil servants 35 to 44 years of age from the Public Works and Waste Disposal Department of Porto Alegre, in southern Brazil, were interviewed and clinically examined. Oral Impacts on Daily Performance (OIDP) was used to evaluate the impact of oral health status on daily performance. 73.6% of all subjects had at least one daily performance affected by an oral impact in the previous six months. The most commonly affected performance was eating (48.6%), while the most common symptoms were discomfort (40.6%) and dissatisfaction with one's appearance (31.5%). Missing teeth (21.7%) and toothache (20.7%) were recognized as the main causes of oral impacts on daily performance. OIDP was useful for measuring (physically, psychologically, and socially) the oral impacts on daily performance.

背景与目标： : 这项研究旨在调查巴西成年人口腔健康对日常表现的影响。来自巴西南部阿雷格里港公共工程和废物处理部门的276名35至44岁的公务员接受了采访和临床检查。口腔对日常表现的影响 (OIDP) 用于评估口腔健康状况对日常表现的影响。在过去的六个月中，所有受试者的73.6% 至少有一个每日表现受到口腔影响的影响。最常见的影响表现是进食 (48.6%)，而最常见的症状是不适 (40.6%) 和对自己的外表不满意 (31.5%)。牙齿缺失 (21.7%) 和牙痛 (20.7%) 被认为是口腔影响日常表现的主要原因。OIDP可用于测量 (身体，心理和社交) 口头对日常表现的影响。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Importance:Individuals with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are at greater risk for academic problems. Pharmacologic treatment is effective in reducing the core symptoms of ADHD, but it is unclear whether it helps to improve academic outcomes. Objective:To investigate the association between the use of ADHD medication and performance on higher education entrance tests in individuals with ADHD. Design, Setting, and Participants:This cohort study observed 61 640 individuals with a diagnosis of ADHD from January 1, 2006, to December 31, 2013. Records of their pharmacologic treatment were extracted from Swedish national registers along with data from the Swedish Scholastic Aptitude Test. Using a within-patient design, test scores when patients were taking medication for ADHD were compared with scores when they were not taking such medication. Data analysis was performed from November 24, 2015, to November 4, 2016. Exposures:Periods with and without ADHD medication use. Main Outcomes and Measures:Scores from the higher education entrance examination (score range, 1-200 points). Results:Among 930 individuals (493 males and 437 females; mean [SD] age, 22.2 [3.2] years) who had taken multiple entrance tests (n = 2524) and used ADHD medications intermittently, the test scores were a mean of 4.80 points higher (95% CI, 2.26-7.34; P < .001) during periods they were taking medication vs nonmedicated periods, after adjusting for age and practice effects. Similar associations between ADHD medication use and test scores were detected in sensitivity analyses. Conclusions and Relevance:Individuals with ADHD had higher scores on the higher education entrance tests during periods they were taking ADHD medication vs nonmedicated periods. These findings suggest that ADHD medications may help ameliorate educationally relevant outcomes in individuals with ADHD.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Glutamate (GLU) and gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) are essential amino acids (AA) for brain function serving as excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitter respectively. Their tablets are available in market for improving gut function and muscle performance. Despite of having a major role during memory formation and processing, effects of these tablets on brain functioning like learning and memory have not been investigated. Therefore, present study is aimed to investigate the effects of orally supplemented GLU and GABA on learning and memory performance and further to monitor related effects of these orally supplemented GLU and GABA on brain levels of these AA. Three groups of rats were supplemented orally with drinking water (control group) or suspension of tablets of GABA and Glutamate, respectively for four weeks. Cognitive performance was determined using behavioral tests (Novel object recognition test, Morris water maze, Passive avoidance test) measuring recognition, spatial reference and aversive memory. Levels of GLU, GABA and acetylcholine (ACh) were estimated in rat hippocampus. Results showed that chronic oral administration of GLU and GABA tablets has a significant impact on brain function and can alter GLU and GABA content in rat hippocampus. Compared to GABA, GLU supplementation specifically enhances memory performance via increasing ACh. Thus, GLU can be suggested as a useful supplement for improving learning and memory performance and neurochemical status of brain and in future could be effective in the treatment of neurological disorders affecting learning and memory performance.

背景与目标： 谷氨酸 (GLU) 和 γ-氨基丁酸 (GABA) 是脑功能必需氨基酸 (AA)，分别作为兴奋性和抑制性神经递质。他们的片剂可用于改善肠道功能和肌肉性能。尽管在记忆形成和处理过程中起着重要作用，但尚未研究这些片剂对大脑功能 (如学习和记忆) 的影响。因此，本研究旨在研究口服补充的GLU和GABA对学习和记忆性能的影响，并进一步监测这些口服补充的GLU和GABA对这些AA的大脑水平的相关影响。三组大鼠分别口服补充饮用水 (对照组) 或GABA和谷氨酸混悬剂，持续4周。使用行为测试 (新颖物体识别测试，莫里斯水迷宫，被动回避测试) 来确定认知能力，以测量识别，空间参考和厌恶记忆。估计大鼠海马中GLU，GABA和乙酰胆碱 (ACh) 的水平。结果表明，长期口服GLU和GABA片对大鼠脑功能有明显影响，可改变大鼠海马GLU和GABA的含量。与GABA相比，补充GLU通过增加ACh来特别增强记忆性能。因此，GLU可以被建议作为改善学习和记忆性能以及大脑神经化学状态的有用补充，并且将来可以有效地治疗影响学习和记忆性能的神经系统疾病。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Maternal health services continue to favour the wealthiest in lower and middle income countries. Debate about the potential of performance-based financing (PBF) to address these disparities continues. As PBF is adopted by countries, it is critical to understand the equity effects for maternal services. The aim of this study is to examine the effects of PBF on equity in maternal health service use when no specific provisions target the poorest in the population. In Rwanda, PBF was designed to increase health service use, which was universally low. Paired districts were randomly assigned to intervention and control for PBF implementation. Using Rwanda's Demographic Health Survey data from 2005 (pre-intervention) and 2007-8 (post-intervention), a cluster-level panel dataset of 7899 women 15-49 years of age from intervention (4477) and control districts (3422) was created. The impact of PBF on reported use of facility deliveries, antenatal care (ANC) and modern contraceptive use was estimated using a difference-in-differences model with community fixed effects. Interaction terms between wealth quintiles and PBF were estimated to identify the differential effect of PBF among poorer women. The probability of a facility delivery increased by 10 percentage points in the intervention when compared with the control districts (P = 0.014), while no significant effects were noted for ANC visits or modern contraceptive use. Service use increased for intervention and control populations and across all wealth quintiles from 2005 to 2007, with no evidence that PBF was a pro-poor or a pro-rich strategy. Insurance remained a positive predictor of service use. This research suggests that if service use is uniformly low then a PBF programme that incentivizes select services, such as facility deliveries, may improve service use overall. However, if the equity gap is extreme, then a PBF programme without equity targets will do little to alleviate disparities.

背景与目标： : 孕产妇保健服务继续有利于中低收入国家的最富有的人。关于基于绩效的融资 (PBF) 解决这些差距的潜力的辩论仍在继续。随着PBF被各国采用，了解孕产妇服务的公平效应至关重要。这项研究的目的是在没有针对最贫困人口的具体规定的情况下，研究PBF对孕产妇保健服务使用公平性的影响。在卢旺达，PBF旨在增加普遍较低的卫生服务使用。成对的地区被随机分配到PBF实施的干预和控制中。使用卢旺达的人口健康调查数据2005年 (干预前) 和2007-8 (干预后)，创建了来自干预 (4477) 和控制区 (3422) 的7899名15-49岁妇女的集群级面板数据集。使用具有社区固定效应的差异差异模型估算了PBF对报告的设施分娩使用，产前护理 (ANC) 和现代避孕药具使用的影响。估计了财富五分位数与PBF之间的相互作用项，以确定PBF在较贫穷妇女中的不同作用。与对照地区相比，干预措施中提供设施的可能性增加了10个百分点 (P = 0.014)，而对ANC就诊或使用现代避孕药具没有显着影响。干预和控制人群以及所有财富五分之一2005年2007年的服务使用有所增加，没有证据表明PBF是扶贫或致富战略。保险仍然是服务使用的积极预测因素。这项研究表明，如果服务使用率一直很低，那么激励特定服务 (例如设施交付) 的PBF计划可能会总体上改善服务使用率。但是，如果股权差距是极端的，那么没有股权目标的PBF计划将对缓解差距无济于事。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND & AIMS:In hospitalized patients, lack of appetite, i.e., disease-associated anorexia, is the main factor determining insufficient food intake and weight loss, which in turn increase morbidity and mortality. Controversies exist on which tool should be preferred when diagnosing anorexia. Aim of the study was to evaluate in hospitalized medical patients, the performance of 4 different tools [i.e., self-assessment of appetite, FAACT-ESPEN score, visual analog scale (VAS), and the Anorexia Questionnaire (AQ)] in assessing disease-associated anorexia and predicting nutritional and clinical variables. MATERIALS AND METHODS:Hospitalized patients consecutively admitted to the Internal Medicine ward at our institution were considered. After informed consent was obtained, patients were asked to self-assess their appetite vs the previous month. The VAS, the FAACT-ESPEN score and the Anorexia Questionnaire were also submitted. Food intake immediately following the interview was recorded. Nutritional (i.e., body weight, height), functional (i.e., handgrip strength) and clinical variables (i.e., length of stay) were registered upon admission and before discharge. RESULTS:We studied 105 patients (74M:31F; 66.2 ± 16.3 yrs). The prevalence of anorexia as assessed by patients' self assessment, FAACT-ESPEN score, and the Anorexia Questionnaire was 23%, 10% and 48%, respectively. VAS did not show any correlation with food intake. Anorexic patients as identified by the self assessment of appetite showed reduced food intake and weaker handgrip strength than non-anorexic. The FAACT-ESPEN score correlated with body weight, food intake and handgrip strength, but was not related with length of stay. Anorexic patients as identified by the Anorexia Questionnaire showed reduced food intake, lower body weight, weaker handgrip strength and longer hospital stay than non-anorexic patients. DISCUSSION:The prevalence of anorexia significantly varies according to the diagnostic tool used. Except for VAS, all the tested tools identify patients with impaired nutritional and functional variables. However, only the Anorexia Questionnaire identifies patients with longer hospital stay. Our results suggest that in clinical practice, modification of appetite reflects different underlying mechanisms whose impacts on clinical outcome measures may differ. Therefore, an ideal anorexia assessment tool does not appear to exist, but it should be chosen according to the outcome measures to be assessed (i.e., Anorexia Questionnaire to predict length of stay).

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :In order to ascertain the effects of different carbon sources (methanol, glucose, starch and NaHCO(3)) on denitrification in BESs, the experiment was conducted in a constant current, 3.5 of chemical oxygen demand to nitrate ratio in a greenhouse. Among the four carbon sources investigated in BESs, NaHCO(3) showed the highest nitrite accumulation and the ratio of soluble microbial products to soluble chemical oxygen demand (SMP/SCOD) with a value of 3.68 ± 0.68 mg/L and 94%, respectively. And the addition of organic substrates could reduce SMP production and enhance the denitrification process. In the constant voltage experiment, it was observed that the organics could be used by microbes to generate electrons at the anode. And a maximal current value of 11.0 mA in the BESs fed with starch indicated that the complex carbon source was easier to be used by microorganisms to generate electricity than the simple carbon source.

背景与目标： : 为了确定不同碳源 (甲醇，葡萄糖，淀粉和NaHCO(3)) 对BESs反硝化的影响，该实验在恒定电流下进行，3.5温室中的化学需氧量与硝酸盐的比率。在BESs调查的四种碳源中，NaHCO(3) 显示出最高的亚硝酸盐积累和可溶性微生物产物与可溶性化学需氧量 (SMP/SCOD) 的比率，分别为3.68 ± 0.68 mg/L和94%。有机底物的添加可以减少SMP的产生并增强反硝化过程。在恒压实验中，观察到有机物可以被微生物用来在阳极产生电子。用淀粉喂养的贝斯中11.0 mA的最大电流值表明，复杂的碳源比简单的碳源更容易被微生物用来发电。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Na-rich birnessite (NRB) was synthesized by a simple synthesis method and used as a high-efficiency adsorbent for the removal of ammonium ion (NH4+) from aqueous solution. In order to demonstrate the adsorption performance of the synthesized material, the effects of contact time, pH, initial ammonium ion concentration, and temperature were investigated. Adsorption kinetics showed that the adsorption behavior followed the pseudo second-order kinetic model. The equilibrium adsorption data were fitted to Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption models and the model parameters were evaluated. The monolayer adsorption capacity of the adsorbent, as obtained from the Langmuir isotherm, was 22.61mg NH4+-N/g at 283K. Thermodynamic analyses showed that the adsorption was spontaneous and that it was also a physisorption process. Our data revealed that the higher NH4+ adsorption capacity could be primarily attributed to the water absorption process and electrostatic interaction. Particularly, the high surface hydroxyl-content of NRB enables strong interactions with ammonium ion. The results obtained in this study illustrate that the NRB is expected to be an effective and economically viable adsorbent for ammonium ion removal from aqueous system.

背景与目标： : 通过简单的合成方法合成了富含Na的白铁矿 (NRB)，并用作从水溶液中去除铵离子 (NH4) 的高效吸附剂。为了证明合成材料的吸附性能，研究了接触时间，pH，初始铵离子浓度和温度的影响。吸附动力学表明，吸附行为遵循伪二阶动力学模型。将平衡吸附数据拟合到Langmuir和Freundlich吸附模型，并评估模型参数。从Langmuir等温线获得的吸附剂的单层吸附容量在283K下为22.61mg NH4 +-N/g。热力学分析表明，吸附是自发的，也是物理吸附过程。我们的数据显示，较高的NH4吸附能力可能主要归因于吸水过程和静电相互作用。特别是，NRB的高表面羟基含量可与铵离子强相互作用。在这项研究中获得的结果表明，NRB有望成为从水性体系中去除铵离子的有效且经济可行的吸附剂。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Parkinson's disease (PD) patients show cognitive deficits that are relevant in terms of prognosis and quality of life. Degeneration of striatal dopaminergic afferents proceeds from dorsal/caudal to anterior/ventral and is discussed to account for some of these symptoms. Treatment with dopamine (DA) has differential effects on cognitive dysfunctions, improving some and worsening others. We hypothesized that cognitive performance during the dopaminergic OFF state correlates with DAT availability in the associative striatum. 16 PD patients underwent motor and cognitive examination ON and OFF DA. Global cognition was measured using the Montréal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) test and executive functioning using a Stroop test. Nigrostriatal dopaminergic innervation was characterized with [123I]FP-CIT SPECT. A connectivity atlas of the striatum was used to assess DAT availability in functionally defined striatal subregions. Correlations between imaging data and behavioral data OFF medication were calculated. Correlations between DAT availability and MoCA performance in the dopaminergic OFF state was strongest in the associative part of the striatum (r = 0.674, p = 0.004). MoCA test performance did not differ between the ON and the OFF state. There was no correlation of DAT availability with Stroop performance in the OFF state but performance was significantly better during the ON state. Not only motor but also cognitive dysfunctions in PD are associated with striatal dopaminergic depletion. Cognitive decline in non-demented PD patients goes along with nigrostriatal degeneration, most pronounced in the associative subdivision of the striatum. In addition, the present findings suggest that executive dysfunctions are ameliorated by DA whereas global cognition is not improved by dopaminergic medication.

背景与目标： : 帕金森氏病 (PD) 患者表现出与预后和生活质量相关的认知缺陷。纹状体多巴胺能传入的变性从背侧/尾部到前/腹侧进行，并讨论了其中一些症状。多巴胺 (DA) 治疗对认知功能障碍有不同的影响，改善了一些，恶化了另一些。我们假设多巴胺能关闭状态下的认知表现与联想纹状体中的DAT可用性相关。16例PD患者在DA和DA上进行了运动和认知检查。使用蒙特利尔认知评估 (MoCA) 测试测量全球认知，并使用Stroop测试测量执行功能。黑质纹状体多巴胺能神经支配的特征是用 [123I]FP-CIT SPECT。纹状体的连通性图谱用于评估功能定义的纹状体子区域中的DAT可用性。计算药物外的成像数据和行为数据之间的相关性。多巴胺能关闭状态下DAT可用性和MoCA性能之间的相关性最强纹状体的关联部分 (r = 0.674，p = 0.004)。MoCA测试性能在开启和关闭状态之间没有差异。在关闭状态下，DAT可用性与Stroop性能没有相关性，但在开启状态下，性能明显更好。PD不仅运动功能障碍，而且认知功能障碍与纹状体多巴胺能耗竭有关。非痴呆性PD患者的下降伴随着黑质纹状体变性，在纹状体的关联细分中最明显。此外，目前的发现表明，DA可以改善执行功能障碍，而多巴胺能药物不能改善整体认知。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:The aims of this study were to assess the diagnostic performance of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) in the characterization of atypical cystic and cysticlike focal liver lesions in comparison with conventional US and to determine whether the use of CEUS can reduce the need for further diagnostic workup. SUBJECTS AND METHODS:In a 3-year period 48 patients with 50 atypical cystic and cysticlike lesions found at conventional US underwent CEUS. Diagnostic confirmation was obtained in cytohistopathologic examinations, with other imaging modalities, and in follow-up. Overall, there were 24 cystic lesions and 26 cysticlike solid lesions, specifically 32 benign and 18 malignant lesions. The conventional US and CEUS images and cine loops were reviewed by two blinded readers independently. Sensitivity, specificity, area under the ROC curve (Az), and interobserver agreement were calculated. RESULTS:Diagnostic performance improved after review of CEUS examinations by both readers (conventional US Az = 0.781 vs 0.972; CEUS Az = 0.734 vs 0.957). Interreader agreement increased, although slightly (conventional US weighted κ = 0.894; CEUS weighted κ = 0.953). In terms of differential diagnosis, the occurrence of correctly characterized lesions increased after CEUS for both readers (reader 1, 62% to 98%; reader 2, 56% to 96%). CONCLUSION:The development of low-acoustic-power CEUS has made it possible to identify several imaging features of cystic and cysticlike focal liver lesions that, in association with history and clinical findings, may help to correctly characterize them. Our data indicate the usefulness of CEUS in the evaluation of patients with these lesions.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: PURPOSE:Glycine-arginine-alpha-ketoisocaproic acid (GAKIC) is a relatively new supplement that athletes and fitness enthusiasts ingest to enhance performance during anaerobic exercise. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the potential ergogenic effects of GAKIC ingestion during multiple bouts of resistance exercise. METHOD:Seven resistance-trained men participated in a randomized, counterbalanced, double-blind study. Participants were randomly assigned to placebo or GAKIC (10.2 g) and performed 5 sets of 75% of 1-repetition maximum leg press to failure. Total load volume was calculated by multiplying the 75% of 1-repetition maximum mass lifted by the sum of repetitions to failure. One week later, participants ingested the other supplement (placebo or GAKIC) and the same exercise protocol was performed (i.e., crossover). Blood lactate, glucose, and heart rate were determined preexercise and immediately postexercise. RESULTS:GAKIC supplementation significantly increased leg-press total load volume (GAKIC = 31,564 +/- 9,132 kg; placebo = 25,763 +/- 6,595 kg, p < .05). Heart rate and blood lactate were significantly increased (p < .05) postexercise compared with preexercise but were not significantly different between GAKIC and placebo. No significant changes (p > .05) were detected for one-repetition maximum and blood glucose. CONCLUSIONS:These novel findings suggest that GAKIC increases total work performed during repeated bouts of lower-body resistance exercise. Thus, our data suggest that GAKIC ingestion before weight training may increase the training volume of athletes and resistance-trained individuals.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:Clinicians commonly use verbal and nonverbal measures to test fluency in patients with epilepsy, either during routine cognitive assessment or as part of pre- and postsurgical evaluation. We hypothesized that patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) with hippocampal sclerosis would perform worse than patients with lateral TLE in both verbal and design fluency. METHODS:We assessed semantic, phonemic, and nonverbal fluency in 49 patients with TLE: 31 with lateral TLE and 18 with mesial TLE plus hippocampal sclerosis. We also gave non-fluency cognitive measures: psychomotor speed, attentional set shifting, selective attention, abstract reasoning, verbal and visual episodic memory, and incidental memory. RESULTS:Patients with mesial TLE performed significantly worse on figural fluency than patients with lateral TLE. Even though group differences on verbal fluency measures were not significant, the patients with mesial TLE had a pattern of poorer performance. The patients with mesial TLE scored significantly worse on measures of selective attention, verbal episodic memory, and incidental memory. CONCLUSIONS:Our study underlines differences in cognitive function between patients with mesial and lateral TLE, particularly in figural fluency. Although we cannot directly assess the role of the hippocampus in cognitive aspects of creative and divergent thinking related to figural fluency, the cognitive discrepancies between these two TLE groups could be ascribed to the mesial TLE hippocampal pathology shown in our study and addressed in the literature on hippocampal involvement in divergent thinking. Our findings could benefit cognitive rehabilitation programs tailored to the needs of patients with TLE.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Silymarin, a known standardized extract obtained from seeds of Silybum marianum is used in treatment of liver diseases of varying origins. Aiming at improving its poor bioavailability from oral products, silymarin hybrid liposomes are introduced in this work for buccal administration after investigating their stability and in vivo hepatoprotective efficiency. Silymarin loaded hybrid liposomes composed of lecithin (L), cholesterol (Ch), stearyl amine (SA) and Tween 20 (T20) in molar ratio of (9:1:1:0.5) were prepared. Their stability upon storage was studied at 4 degrees C and at ambient conditions. Stored samples were analyzed for percent encapsulation, drug release, particle size, turbidity measurement and visual changes. Characterization of the blend between phospholipid and silymarin was done using FT-IR and DSC which indicated a possible interaction. The stabilized formula of silymarin hybrid liposomes was evaluated upon buccal administration regarding its hepatoprotective activity against carbon tetrachloride-induced oxidative stress in albino rats. The degree of protection was measured using biochemical parameters like serum glutamic oxalacetate transaminase (SGOT) and serum glutamic pyruvate transaminase (SGPT). The introduced silymarin hybrid liposomes produced a significant decrease in both transaminase levels when challenged with CCl(4) (intraperitonially) in comparison with orally administered silymarin suspension. This improvement was also confirmed histopathologically.

背景与目标： 水飞蓟素，从水飞蓟素种子中获得的已知标准化提取物，用于治疗不同来源的肝脏疾病。为了改善口服产品的生物利用度，在研究其稳定性和体内保肝效率后，将水飞蓟素杂交脂质体引入口腔给药。制备了由卵磷脂 (L)，胆固醇 (Ch)，硬脂胺 (SA) 和吐温20 (T20) 组成的水飞蓟素杂化脂质体，摩尔比为 (9:1:1:0.5)。在4摄氏度和环境条件下研究了它们在储存时的稳定性。分析存储的样品的包封百分比，药物释放，粒径，浊度测量和视觉变化。使用ft-ir和DSC对磷脂和水飞蓟素之间的混合物进行表征，这表明可能存在相互作用。在颊给药后评估了水飞蓟素混合脂质体的稳定配方，以评估其对白化病大鼠四氯化碳诱导的氧化应激的保肝活性。使用生化参数 (例如血清谷草转氨酶 (SGOT) 和血清谷丙酮酸转氨酶 (SGPT)) 测量保护程度。与口服水飞蓟素混悬液相比，引入的水飞蓟素混合脂质体在用CCl(4) 攻击时 (腹膜内) 使两种转氨酶水平均显着降低。这种改善也在组织病理学上得到证实。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVES:Evaluation and comparison of the performance of organized and opportunistic screening mammography. METHODS:Women attending screening mammography in Denmark in 2000. The study included 37,072 women attending organized screening. Among these, 320 women were diagnosed with breast cancer during follow-up. Opportunistic screening was attended by 2855 women with 26 women being diagnosed with breast cancer. Data on women attending screening were linked with information on cancer status. Each woman was followed with respect to diagnosis of breast cancer (invasive as well as in situ) for a period of two years. Screening outcome and cancer status during follow-up were combined to assess whether the result of the examination was true-positive, true-negative, false-positive or false-negative. Based on this classification, age-adjusted sensitivity and specificity of organized and opportunistic screening were calculated. RESULTS:Defining BI-RADS(trade mark) 4-5 as a positive screening outcome, the overall sensitivity of opportunistic screening was 33.6% and the specificity was 99.1%. Using BI-RADS(trade mark) 3-5 as positive, the sensitivity was 37.4% and the specificity was 97.9%. Organized screening (which was not categorized according to BI-RADS(trade mark)) had an overall sensitivity of 67.2% and a specificity of 98.4%. CONCLUSION:Our study showed a considerably higher sensitivity in organized screening than in opportunistic screening, while the specificity was fairly similar in the two settings. The findings support implementation of population-based breast screening programmes, as recommended in the 'European guidelines for quality assurance in breast cancer screening and diagnosis'.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The use of alcohol is often intimately associated with sport. As well as providing a source of energy, alcohol (ethanol) has metabolic, cardiovascular, thermoregulatory, and neuromuscular actions that may affect exercise performance. Strength is minimally affected, and performance impairments depend on the dose of alcohol and subject habituation to alcohol intake, exercise duration, environmental conditions, and other factors. Central nervous system function is impaired at high doses, resulting in decrements in cognitive function and motor skill, as well as behavioral changes that may have adverse effects on performance. Effects may persist for hours after intoxication.

背景与目标： : 酒精的使用通常与运动密切相关。除了提供能量来源外，酒精 (乙醇) 还具有代谢，心血管，体温调节和神经肌肉作用，可能会影响运动表现。力量受到的影响最小，表现障碍取决于酒精的剂量和受试者对酒精摄入量的习惯，运动时间，环境条件和其他因素。高剂量时中枢神经系统功能受损，导致认知功能和运动技能下降，以及可能对表现产生不利影响的行为变化。中毒后，效果可能会持续数小时。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This paper mainly aims at presenting the measurements and the results obtained with the electronic personal neutron dosemeter Saphydose-N at different facilities. Three campaigns were led in the frame of the European contract EVIDOS ('Evaluation of Individual Dosimetry in Mixed Neutron and Photon Radiation Fields'). The first one consisted in the measurements at the IRSN French research laboratory in reference neutron fields generated by a thermal facility (SIGMA), radionuclide ISO sources ((241)AmBe; (252)Cf; (252)Cf(D(2)O)\Cd) and a realistic spectrum (CANEL/T400). The second one was performed at the Krümmel Nuclear Power Plant (Germany) close to the boiling water reactor and to a spent fuel transport cask. The third one was realised at Mol (Belgium), at the VENUS Research Reactor and at Belgonucléaire, a fuel processing factory.

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