BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The Bedford Orthopaedic Centre is situated in Umtata at the heart of the former homeland of the Transkei in the Eastern Cape of South Africa. It acts as an orthopaedic and trauma referral hospital for a mainly rural population approaching 4 million. This article focuses on the workload of the hospital over a 4-month period and like many hospitals in South Africa we highlight the difficulties it faces with the trauma epidemic.

背景与目标： : 贝德福德整形外科中心位于乌姆塔塔，位于南非东开普省特兰斯凯故居的中心。它是骨科和创伤转诊医院，主要是接近400万的农村人口。本文重点介绍了医院在4个月内的工作量，与南非的许多医院一样，我们强调了创伤流行所面临的困难。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :African swine fever (ASF) is a major limiting factor for pig production in most of the countries in Sub-Saharan Africa and the Indian Ocean. In the absence of vaccine, a good understanding of the ecology and epidemiology of the disease is fundamental to implement effective control measures. In selected countries of Southern and East Africa, the association between Ornithodoros moubata ticks and warthogs has been described in detail in the literature. However, for many other countries in the region, information related to the sylvatic cycle is lacking or incomplete. In West African countries, for instance, the role of wild pigs in the epidemiology of ASF has never been demonstrated and the existence and potential impact of a sylvatic cycle involving an association between soft ticks and warthogs is questionable. In other countries, other wild pig species such as the bushpigs (Potamochoerus spp.) can also be asymptomatically infected by the virus but their role in the epidemiology of the disease is unclear and might differ according to geographic regions. In addition, the methods and techniques required to study the role of wild hosts in ASF virus (ASFV) epidemiology and ecology are very specific and differ from the more traditional methods to study domestic pigs or other tick species. The aim of this review is (i) to provide a descriptive list of the methodologies implemented to study the role of wild hosts in African swine fever, (ii) to compile the available knowledge about the sylvatic cycle of ASFV in different regions of Sub-Saharan Africa and the Indian Ocean in addition to the one that has been described for East and Southern Africa, and (iii) to discuss current methodologies and available knowledge in order to identify new orientations for further field and experimental surveys.

背景与目标： : 非洲猪发热 (ASF) 是撒哈拉以南非洲和印度洋大多数国家生猪生产的主要限制因素。在没有疫苗的情况下，充分了解疾病的生态学和流行病学是实施有效控制措施的基础。在南部和东部非洲的某些国家/地区，文献中已详细描述了鸟鸟和疣猪之间的联系。但是，对于该区域的许多其他国家来说，与sylvatic循环有关的信息缺乏或不完整。例如，在西非国家，野猪在ASF流行病学中的作用从未得到证实，涉及软蜱和疣猪之间关联的三角循环的存在和潜在影响值得怀疑。在其他国家/地区，其他野生猪物种 (例如丛林猪 (Potamochoerus spp。)) 也可能被该病毒无症状感染，但其在疾病流行病学中的作用尚不清楚，并且可能因地理区域而异。此外，研究野生宿主在ASF病毒 (ASFV) 流行病学和生态学中的作用所需的方法和技术非常具体，并且与研究家猪或其他tick物种的更传统方法不同。这篇综述的目的是 (i) 提供一份用于研究野生宿主在非洲猪发热中的作用的方法的描述性列表，(ii) 汇编关于撒哈拉以南非洲和印度洋不同地区ASFV的sylvatic循环的现有知识，以及已经描述的东非和南部非洲的知识，(iii) 讨论当前的方法和可用知识，以便为进一步的现场和实验调查确定新的方向。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The aim of this study was to investigate alterations in the leukocyte and differential leukocyte counts in different trimesters of pregnancy and the initial postpartum period. The study population consisted of 40,325 pregnant women. A full blood count and automated differential leukocyte count were performed and all the haemogram results in the different trimesters of pregnancy were recorded. Percentiles were calculated using statistical software. A total of 82,786 complete blood count evaluations were performed in 40,325 subjects from the 6th to 41st week of pregnancy and in the initial postpartum period. The leukocyte counts increased from the 1st to the 3rd trimester and peaked in the initial postpartum period. Our reference values for the total and differential leukocyte counts may assist clinicians in distinguishing between leukocytosis and pathological elevation of the white blood cell count during pregnancy and the initial postpartum period. Impact statement Pregnancy requires profound adaptation by multiple systems to accommodate the demands of the developing foetus. Similar to all other systems, many haematological changes occur during pregnancy. Studies of normal variation in leukocyte counts were insufficient to distinguish normal from abnormal leukocyte counts during pregnancy and in the initial postpartum period, due to small numbers of patients and a lack of differential leukocyte counts. Without reference leukocyte levels, infections may be more difficult to assess during pregnancy and in the postpartum period. In this study, we report the 3rd, 5th, 10th, 50th, 95th and 99th percentile values for the total and differential leukocyte counts according to trimester in normal pregnancy and the initial postpartum period. Our reference values for the total and differential leukocyte counts in each trimester and the initial postpartum period may assist clinicians in distinguishing between normal leukocytosis and pathological elevation of the white blood cell count during pregnancy and the initial postpartum period. Our results may prevent misdiagnosis of physiological elevated leukocytes as bacterial infection that leads to unnecessary medication use that may compromise the foetus.

背景与目标： : 这项研究的目的是调查妊娠不同三个月和产后初期白细胞和白细胞计数差异的变化。研究人群由40,325名孕妇组成。进行了全血细胞计数和自动差异白细胞计数，并记录了妊娠不同三个月的所有血象结果。使用统计软件计算百分位数。从怀孕的第6周至第41周和产后初期，对40,325名受试者进行了总共82,786次全血细胞计数评估。白细胞计数从第1个月到第3个月增加，并在产后初期达到峰值。我们的总白细胞计数和差异白细胞计数参考值可以帮助临床医生区分白细胞增多和妊娠和产后初期白细胞计数的病理升高。影响声明怀孕需要多个系统进行深刻的适应，以适应发育中的胎儿的需求。与所有其他系统相似，许多血液学变化发生在怀孕期间。由于患者人数少且缺乏差异的白细胞计数，对白细胞计数正常变化的研究不足以区分妊娠期间和产后初期的正常白细胞计数与异常白细胞计数。如果没有参考白细胞水平，则在怀孕期间和产后期间可能更难评估感染。在这项研究中，我们根据正常妊娠和产后初期的三个月报告了总白细胞计数和差异白细胞计数的第3、5、10、50、95和99个百分位数值。我们在每个孕期和产后初期的总白细胞计数和差异白细胞计数的参考值可以帮助临床医生区分正常的白细胞增多和妊娠和产后初期的白细胞计数的病理升高。我们的结果可以防止将生理性白细胞升高误诊为细菌感染，从而导致不必要的药物使用，从而可能损害胎儿。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: One hundred and twelve forearms in 56 preserved cadavers were dissected to assess the incidence of Martin-Gruber connections in a population in South Africa. The connections were found in 13 cadavers (23%) and one was bilateral. There were no significant racial or sexual differences in the incidence. The course of Martin-Gruber connections and their anatomical relationship with the ulnar artery are illustrated.

背景与目标： 解剖了56具保存尸体中的112只前臂，以评估南非人口中Martin-Gruber连接的发生率。在13具尸体 (23%) 中发现了连接，其中1具是双侧的。发病率没有明显的种族或性别差异。说明了Martin-Gruber连接的过程及其与尺动脉的解剖关系。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:The reasons for low adherence to cereal dietary guidelines are not well understood but may be related to knowledge, attitudes, beliefs and perceived barriers. This study aims to assess trends in cereal foods consumption, intention to change and factors associated with intake among Western Australian (WA) adults 18 to 64 years. METHOD:Cross-sectional data from the 1995, 1998, 2001, 2004, 2009, and 2012 Nutrition Monitoring Survey Series involving 7044 adults were pooled. OUTCOME VARIABLES:types and amount of cereals (bread, rice, pasta, and breakfast cereal) eaten the day prior. Attitudes, knowledge, intentions, weight status and sociodemographic characteristics were measured. Descriptive statistics, multiple binary logistic and multinomial logistic regressions assess factors associated with consumption. RESULTS:Bread (78%) was the most commonly consumed cereal food. The proportion eating bread decreased across survey years (Odds Ratio OR = 0.31; 95% Confidence Interval; 0.24-0.40 in 2012 versus 1995), as did the amount (4.1 slices of bread in 1995 to 2.4 in 2012). The odds of consuming whole-grain cereal foods increased since 2009 (OR = 1.27; 1.02-1.58 versus 1995 p < 0.05). The likelihood of trying to eat less cereal food in the past year was greater in 2012 compared to 1995 (Relative Risk Ratio RRR 10.88; 6.81-17.4). Knowledge of cereal recommendations decreased over time (OR = 0.20; 0.15-0.27 in 2012 versus 1995 p < 0.001). Overweight and obese respondents were more likely than healthy weight respondents to have tried to eat less cereals (RRR 1.65; 1.22-2.24 and 1.88; 1.35-2.63 respectively). 'I already eat enough' was the main barrier (75% in 1995 to 84% in 2012 (p < 0.001)). CONCLUSIONS:WA adults are actively reducing the amount of cereal foods they eat and intake is associated with a misperception of adequacy of intake. Nutrition intervention is needed to increase awareness of the health benefits of cereal foods, particularly whole-grains, and to address barriers to incorporating them daily. TRIAL REGISTRATION:Not applicable.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Chromosome inversions suppress genetic recombination and establish co-adapted gene complexes, or supergenes. The 2La inversion is a widespread polymorphism in the Anopheles gambiae species complex, the major African mosquito vectors of human malaria. Here we show that alleles of the 2La inversion are associated with natural malaria infection levels in wild-captured vectors from West and East Africa. Mosquitoes carrying the more-susceptible allele (2L+a) are also behaviorally less likely to be found inside houses. Vector control tools that target indoor-resting mosquitoes, such as bednets and insecticides, are currently the cornerstone of malaria control in Africa. Populations with high levels of the 2L+a allele may form reservoirs of persistent outdoor malaria transmission requiring novel measures for surveillance and control. The 2La inversion is a major and previously unappreciated component of the natural malaria transmission system in Africa, influencing both malaria susceptibility and vector behavior.

背景与目标： : 染色体倒位抑制遗传重组并建立共同适应的基因复合物或超基因。2La反转是冈比亚按蚊物种复合体 (人类疟疾的主要非洲蚊子媒介) 中广泛存在的多态性。在这里，我们显示2La反转的等位基因与来自西非和东非的野生捕获载体中的自然疟疾感染水平有关。携带更敏感的等位基因 (2L a) 的蚊子在行为上也不太可能在房屋内被发现。针对室内静止蚊子的病媒控制工具，如蚊帐和杀虫剂，目前是非洲疟疾控制的基石。2L a等位基因水平高的人群可能会形成持续的室外疟疾传播库，需要采取新的监测和控制措施。2La倒置是非洲自然疟疾传播系统的主要且以前未被重视的组成部分，影响疟疾的易感性和媒介行为。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Recent field studies on the reproductive ecology of western diamond-backed rattlesnakes (Crotalus atrox) from populations in southern Arizona showed significant differences in the concentration of plasma sex steroids (testosterone, T; 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone, DHT; and 17beta-estradiol, E2) throughout the active season (March-October), and peak levels were coincident with the two mating periods (late summer and early spring). There is, however, no information on levels of sex steroids during winter. Similar to most snakes, hibernating individuals of C. atrox are typically inaccessible, but in southern Arizona, where environmental conditions are typically mild during winter, adult males frequently bask at or near the entrances of communal dens. Basking activity, therefore, offers a unique logistical opportunity to assess the complete annual profile of plasma sex steroid levels in males of a temperate reptile in nature. From November to February, we measured levels of plasma T, DHT, and E2 in adult male C. atrox that were located basking at communal dens. Additionally, cloacal, core body, and ambient air temperatures were obtained to investigate potential relationships between body temperatures and levels of sex steroids. Mean levels of T, DHT, and E2 were relatively high, and the concentration hierarchy was T>DHT>E2. Mean levels of T, DHT, and E2 showed no significant variation across the four months of sampling; however, E2 levels decreased progressively. In the annul cycle, sex steroid levels during winter were not basal when compared to values obtained during the active season. Mean cloacal temperatures of basking males were significantly higher than core body temperatures of non-basking males (inside dens) from November-December, and in February, which suggests that one function of winter basking is to elevate body temperatures. Steroid levels, nonetheless, were not significantly correlated with cloacal temperatures. We suggest that future field studies of male C. atrox should: (a) investigate sex steroid levels in non-basking individuals and (b) test whether elevated levels of sex steroids during winter facilitate the large increases that occur in early spring, which are coincident with the second mating season. Our findings on the reproductive biology of C. atrox and other viperids are discussed in the context of the associated-dissociated model of reproduction.

背景与目标： : 最近对来自亚利桑那州南部种群的西方钻石支持响尾蛇 (Crotalus atrox) 的生殖生态学进行的实地研究表明，血浆性类固醇 (睾丸激素，T; 5α-二氢睾丸激素，DHT; 和17β-雌二醇，E2) 在整个活动季节 (3月-10月)，峰值水平与两个交配期 (夏末和初春) 一致。但是，没有关于冬季性类固醇水平的信息。与大多数蛇相似，通常无法进入冬眠的C. atrox个体，但在亚利桑那州南部，冬季环境条件通常温和，成年雄性经常在公共窝点的入口或附近晒太阳。因此，晒太阳活动提供了一个独特的后勤机会，可以评估自然界中温带爬行动物男性的血浆性类固醇水平的完整年度概况。从11月到2月，我们测量了位于公共窝点的成年男性C. atrox的血浆T，DHT和E2水平。此外，还获得了泄殖腔，核心体和环境空气温度，以研究体温与性类固醇水平之间的潜在关系。T，DHT和E2的平均水平相对较高，浓度等级为T>DHT>E2。在四个月的采样中，T，DHT和E2的平均水平没有显着变化; 但是，E2水平逐渐降低。在annul周期中，与活动季节获得的值相比，冬季的性类固醇水平不是基础。在11月12月和2月中，晒太阳的男性的平均泄殖腔温度显着高于非晒太阳的男性 (窝点内) 的核心体温，这表明冬季晒太阳的功能之一是提高体温。尽管如此，类固醇水平与泄殖腔温度没有显着相关。我们建议将来对雄性C. atrox进行实地研究 :( a) 调查非晒太阳个体的性类固醇水平，以及 (b) 测试冬季性类固醇水平升高是否会促进早春发生的大幅增加，这与第二个交配季节同时发生。我们在相关分离的生殖模型的背景下讨论了我们对C. atrox和其他生物的生殖生物学的发现。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:The World Health Organization estimates that there were 37 million blind people in 2002 and that the prevalence of blindness was 9% among adults in Africa aged 50 years or older. Recent surveys indicate that this figure may be overestimated, while a survey from southern Sudan suggested that postconflict areas are particularly vulnerable to blindness. The aim of this study was to conduct a Rapid Assessment for Avoidable Blindness to estimate the magnitude and causes of visual impairment in people aged > or = 50 y in the postconflict area of the Western Province of Rwanda, which includes one-quarter of the population of Rwanda. METHODS AND FINDINGS:Clusters of 50 people aged > or = 50 y were selected through probability proportionate to size sampling. Households within clusters were selected through compact segment sampling. Visual acuity (VA) was measured with a tumbling "E" chart, and those with VA below 6/18 in either eye were examined by an ophthalmologist. The teams examined 2,206 people (response rate 98.0%). The unadjusted prevalence of bilateral blindness was 1.8% (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.2%-2.4%), 1.3% (0.8%-1.7%) for severe visual impairment, and 5.3% (4.2%-6.4%) for visual impairment. Most bilateral blindness (65%) was due to cataract. Overall, the vast majority of cases of blindness (80.0%), severe visual impairment (67.9%), and visual impairment (87.2%) were avoidable (i.e.. due to cataract, refractive error, aphakia, trachoma, or corneal scar). The cataract surgical coverage was moderate; 47% of people with bilateral cataract blindness (VA < 3/60) had undergone surgery. Of the 29 eyes that had undergone cataract surgery, nine (31%) had a best-corrected poor outcome (i.e., VA < 6/60). Extrapolating these estimates to Rwanda's Western Province, among the people aged 50 years or above 2,565 are expected to be blind, 1,824 to have severe visual impairment, and 8,055 to have visual impairment. CONCLUSIONS:The prevalence of blindness and visual impairment in this postconflict area in the Western Province of Rwanda was far lower than expected. Most of the cases of blindness and visual impairment remain avoidable, however, suggesting that the implementation of an effective eye care service could reduce the prevalence further.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The authors present a case series of 54 subjects of Rhinosporidium. They were reported in two years at a tertiary care hospital of Western Orissa. The clinically diagnosed cases by ophthalmologists were confirmed by histopathological samples following surgery. In our series, we noted Rhinosporidium seeberi organisms as the main causative agent. Males were affected three times more than females. Children less than 10 years of age comprised more than 50% of our series. In 91% of cases, the conjunctiva was the site of this infection. Total excision of fungal mass was carried out in all cases and two cases had recurrence between 9 and 12 months following intervention. Although this is an endemic area for such infestation, unilateral manifestation observed in all cases is interesting to note. Low recurrence rate in limited follow-up period could be due to early detection and standard management.

背景与目标： : 作者介绍了54例鼻孢子虫的病例系列。他们在两年内被报告在西部奥里萨邦的一家三级护理医院。眼科医生的临床诊断病例在手术后通过组织病理学样本证实。在我们的系列中，我们注意到鼻孢子虫是主要的病原体。男性受到的影响是女性的三倍。10岁以下的儿童占我们系列的50% 以上。在91% 情况下，结膜是这种感染的部位。所有病例均进行了真菌肿块的完全切除，其中2例在干预后9至12个月之间复发。尽管这是这种侵扰的流行地区，但在所有情况下观察到的单方面表现都值得注意。在有限的随访期内复发率低可能是由于早期发现和标准管理。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVES:To assess the proportion of patients lost to programme (died, lost to follow-up, transferred out) between HIV diagnosis and start of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in sub-Saharan Africa, and determine factors associated with loss to programme. METHODS:Systematic review and meta-analysis. We searched PubMed and EMBASE databases for studies in adults. Outcomes were the percentage of patients dying before starting ART, the percentage lost to follow-up, the percentage with a CD4 cell count, the distribution of first CD4 counts and the percentage of eligible patients starting ART. Data were combined using random-effects meta-analysis. RESULTS:Twenty-nine studies from sub-Saharan Africa including 148,912 patients were analysed. Six studies covered the whole period from HIV diagnosis to ART start. Meta-analysis of these studies showed that of the 100 patients with a positive HIV test, 72 (95% CI 60-84) had a CD4 cell count measured, 40 (95% CI 26-55) were eligible for ART and 25 (95% CI 13-37) started ART. There was substantial heterogeneity between studies (P < 0.0001). Median CD4 cell count at presentation ranged from 154 to 274 cells/μl. Patients eligible for ART were less likely to become lost to programme (25%vs. 54%, P < 0.0001), but eligible patients were more likely to die (11%vs. 5%, P < 0.0001) than ineligible patients. Loss to programme was higher in men, in patients with low CD4 cell counts and low socio-economic status and in recent time periods. CONCLUSIONS:Monitoring and care in the pre-ART time period need improvement, with greater emphasis on patients not yet eligible for ART.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :South Africa has long recognized partnerships between the public and private sectors as a policy objective in health, but experience is still limited and poorly documented. The objectives of this article are to understand the factors that increase the likelihood of success of public-private interactions in South Africa, and identify and discuss opportunities for them to be scaled up. There is a strong legislative framework and a number of guidelines and tools that have been developed by the Treasury for managing partnerships. The review of literature confirmed the need for the state to have effective regulations in order to oversee quality and standards and to provide stewardship and oversight. The public sector requires sufficient capacity not only to manage relationships with the private sector but also to enable innovation and experimentation. Evaluation is an integral part of all interactions not only to learn from successes but also to identify any perverse incentives that may lead to unintended consequences. Four case studies show that the private for-profit sector is already engaged in a number of projects that are closely aligned to current health system reform priorities. Factors that increase the likelihood of interactions being successful include: increasing the government's capacity to manage public-private relationships; choosing public-private interactions that are strategically important to national goals; building a knowledge base on what works, where and why; moving from pilots to large scale initiatives; harnessing the contracting expertise in private providers; and encouraging innovation and learning.

背景与目标： : 南非长期以来一直承认公共部门和私营部门之间的伙伴关系是卫生方面的政策目标，但经验仍然有限，而且文献记载很少。本文的目的是了解增加南非公私互动成功可能性的因素，并确定和讨论扩大它们的机会。财政部为管理伙伴关系制定了强有力的立法框架和许多准则和工具。对文献的审查证实，国家需要制定有效的法规，以监督质量和标准，并提供管理和监督。公共部门不仅需要足够的能力来管理与私营部门的关系，而且还需要创新和实验。评估是所有互动的组成部分，不仅要从成功中学习，而且要确定可能导致意外后果的任何不正当激励措施。四个案例研究表明，私营营利部门已经参与了许多与当前卫生系统改革优先事项密切相关的项目。增加互动成功可能性的因素包括: 提高政府管理公私关系的能力; 选择对国家目标具有战略重要性的公私互动; 建立有效的知识基础，在何处以及为什么; 从试点转向大规模计划; 利用私人供应商的合同专业知识; 鼓励创新和学习。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Solar drying is one of the most efficient and cost-effective, renewable, and sustainable technologies to conserve agricultural products in Asian and sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries. This review paper presents the different types of solar dryers that are widely used in Africa and Asia. In addition, the pre-eminent effects of their use on product quality, as well as their economic, environmental, and social impacts, are highlighted. Since financial, external, and structural factors play a key role in the adoption and scaling of solar dryers, this paper also discusses the impact of these factors on the effectiveness of solar drying technologies in selected Asian and SSA countries.

背景与目标： : 太阳能干燥是亚洲和撒哈拉以南非洲 (SSA) 国家保护农产品的最有效，最具成本效益，可再生和可持续的技术之一。本文介绍了在非洲和亚洲广泛使用的不同类型的太阳能干燥器。此外，还强调了它们的使用对产品质量的突出影响，以及它们的经济、环境和社会影响。由于金融，外部和结构因素在太阳能干燥机的采用和扩展中起着关键作用，因此本文还讨论了这些因素对选定的亚洲和SSA国家太阳能干燥技术有效性的影响。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :While adolescents have received increasing attention in the global HIV response and international strategies and commitments, adolescent mothers and their children remain largely overlooked in research, funding and, programming for health-related outcomes. We conducted an extensive scoping review of current evidence on the experiences of adolescent mothers affected by HIV and their children in this region. We included published literature and conference abstracts, complemented by consultations with key stakeholders, and a review of documents through grey literature searching. First, we summarise the experiences of adolescent mothers and their children related to HIV and key health and development indicators. The syndemic of early motherhood and HIV in sub-Saharan Africa increases the vulnerability of adolescent mothers and their children. We then highlight lessons from a series of promising programmes focused on supporting adolescent mothers through novel approaches. In sub-Saharan Africa, supporting adolescent mothers living in high HIV-risk communities is critical not only to eliminate HIV/AIDS, but also to attain the Sustainable Development Goals. While research on and programming for adolescent mothers and their children is growing, the complex needs for this vulnerable group remain unmet. We conclude with evidence gaps and programming priorities for adolescent mothers affected by HIV and their children.

背景与目标： : 尽管青少年在全球艾滋病毒应对措施以及国际战略和承诺中受到越来越多的关注，但青少年母亲及其子女在与健康有关的成果的研究，资金和方案编制方面仍然被忽视。我们对该地区受艾滋病毒影响的青春期母亲及其子女的经历的当前证据进行了广泛的范围界定审查。我们包括了已发表的文献和会议摘要，并与主要利益相关者进行了磋商，并通过灰色文献搜索对文件进行了审查。首先，我们总结了青春期母亲及其子女与艾滋病毒有关的经验以及关键的健康与发展指标。撒哈拉以南非洲地区早期孕产和艾滋病毒的共同感染增加了青春期母亲及其子女的脆弱性。然后，我们重点介绍了一系列有前途的计划的教训，这些计划侧重于通过新颖的方法支持青春期母亲。在撒哈拉以南非洲，支持生活在艾滋病毒高风险社区的青春期母亲不仅对消除艾滋病毒/艾滋病至关重要，而且对实现可持续发展目标也至关重要。尽管对青少年母亲及其子女的研究和规划正在增长，但对这一弱势群体的复杂需求仍未得到满足。最后，我们为受艾滋病毒影响的青春期母亲及其子女提供了证据空白和计划优先事项。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The introduction of new vaccines with much higher prices than traditional vaccines results in increasing budgetary pressure on immunization programs in GAVI-eligible countries, increasing the need to ensure their financial sustainability. In this context, the third EPIVAC (Epidemiology and Vaccinology) technical conference was held from February 16 to 18, 2012 at the Regional Institute of Public Health in Ouidah, Benin. Managers of ministries of health and finance from 11 West African countries (GAVI eligible countries), as well as former EPIVAC students and European experts, shared their knowledge and best practices on immunization financing at district and country level. The conference concluded by stressing five major priorities for the financial sustainability of national immunization programs (NIPs) in GAVI-eligible countries. - Strengthen public financing by increasing resources and fiscal space, improving budget processes, increasing contribution of local governments and strengthen efficiency of budget spending. - Promote equitable community financing which was recognized as a significant and essential contribution to the continuity of EPI operations. - Widen private funding by exploring prospects offered by sponsorship through foundations dedicated to immunization and by corporate social responsibility programs. - Contain the potential crowding-out effect of GAVI co-financing and ensure that decisions on new vaccine introductions are evidence-based. - Seek out innovative financing mechanisms such as taxes on food products or a national solidarity fund.

背景与目标： : 采用价格比传统疫苗高得多的新疫苗，导致符合免疫联盟资格的国家预防接种计划的预算压力增加，增加了确保其财务可持续性的需求。在这方面，第三次EPIVAC (流行病学和疫苗学) 技术会议于2012年2月16日月18日至18日在贝宁Ouidah的区域公共卫生研究所举行。来自11个西非国家 (符合GAVI资格的国家) 的卫生和财政部经理以及前EPIVAC学生和欧洲专家分享了他们在地区和国家一级预防接种筹资知识和最佳做法。会议结束时强调了符合免疫联盟资格的国家国家预防接种方案财政可持续性的五个主要优先事项。-通过增加资源和财政空间，改善预算程序，增加地方政府的贡献并提高预算支出效率来加强公共融资。-促进公平的社区筹资，这被认为是对扩大免疫方案业务连续性的重大贡献。-通过致力于预防接种基金会和企业社会责任计划探索赞助提供的前景，扩大私人资金。-包含GAVI共同资助的潜在挤出效应，并确保有关新疫苗引进的决定是基于证据的。-寻找创新的融资机制，例如对食品征税或国家团结基金。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Stress proteins of the Hsp70 family induced in the blue mussel Mytilus edulis exposed in the laboratory to increased concentrations of cadmium (Cd) or tributhyltin (TBT) were analysed using Western blotting and/or ELISA tests. Statistical evaluation of results indicated that increased concentrations of Hsp70 were detected by means of the ELISA tests as compared with control organisms in extracts from the gills of mussels exposed to both Cd or TBT (p = 0.022). Results of analysis by means of Western blotting showed no differences in the levels of Hsp70 in the extracts (p = 0.151). It was concluded that the ELISA test allowed a more sensitive detection of Hsp70 than did Western blotting.

背景与目标： : 使用Western印迹和/或ELISA测试分析了在实验室中暴露于镉 (Cd) 或三丁锡 (TBT) 浓度增加的蓝贻贝中诱导的Hsp70家族的应激蛋白。结果的统计评估表明，与暴露于Cd或TBT的贻贝的鳃提取物中的对照生物相比，通过ELISA测试检测到Hsp70的浓度增加 (p = 0.022)。通过蛋白质印迹的分析结果显示提取物中Hsp70的水平没有差异 (p = 0.151)。结论是，与蛋白质印迹法相比，ELISA测试可以更灵敏地检测Hsp70。