This article surveys the botanical composition of 40 Muslim graveyards in northern Israel, accompanied by an ethnobotanical study of the folkloristic traditions of the use of these plants in cemeteries. Three groups of plants were found to be repeated systematically and were also recognized for their ritual importance: aromatics herbs (especially Salvia fruticosa and Rosmarinus officinalis), white flowered plants (mainly Narcissus tazetta, Urginea maritima, Iris spp. and Pancratium spp.) and Cupressus sempervirens as the leading cemetery tree. As endemic use we can indicate the essential role of S. fruticosa as the main plant used in all human rites of passage symbolizing the human life cycle. The rosemary is of European origin while the use of basil is of Indian influence. The use of white flowers as cemeteries plants reflects an old European influence and almost the same species are used or their congeners. Most of the trees and shrubs that are planted in Muslim cemeteries in Israel have the same use in ancient as well in modern European cultures. In conclusion, our findings on the occurrence of plants in graveyards reflect the geographic situation of Israel as a crossroads in the cultural arena between Asia and Europe. Most of the traditions are common to the whole Middle East showing high relatedness to the classical world as well as to the present-day Europe.

译文

:本文调查了以色列北部40个穆斯林墓地的植物学组成,并进行了民族植物学研究,研究了在墓地使用这些植物的民俗传统。发现三类植物可以系统地重复,并且在仪式上也很重要:芳香植物(特别是丹参和迷迭香),白花植物(主要是水仙,水母,虹膜和Pancratium。)和柏(Cupressus sempervirens)为领先的公墓树。作为特有的使用,我们可以指出金黄色葡萄球菌是在所有象征人类生命周期的人类通行仪式中使用的主要植物的重要作用。迷迭香是欧洲起源的,而罗勒的使用则具有印度的影响力。将白花用作墓地植物反映了欧洲的古老影响,几乎使用相同的物种或它们的同类。以色列穆斯林公墓中种植的大多数树木和灌木在古代和现代欧洲文化中都有相同的用途。总而言之,我们对墓地中植物生长的发现反映了以色列作为亚洲和欧洲之间文化交流的十字路口的地理状况。大多数传统是整个中东地区共有的,与古典世界以及当今的欧洲都息息相关。

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