OBJECTIVES:The present review investigated whether there are systematic sex differences in the placebo and the nocebo effect. METHODS:A literature search was conducted in multiple electronic databases. Studies were included if the study compared a group or condition where a placebo was administered to a natural history group or similar cohort. RESULTS:Eighteen studies were identified - 12 on placebo effects and 6 on nocebo effects. Chi-square tests revealed that 1) males responded more strongly to placebo treatment, and females responded more strongly to nocebo treatment, and 2) males responded with larger placebo effects induced by verbal information, and females responded with larger nocebo effects induced by conditioning procedures. CONCLUSION:This review indicates that there are sex differences in the placebo and nocebo effects, probably caused by sex differences in stress, anxiety, and the endogenous opioid system.

译文

目的:本综述调查了安慰剂和nocebo效应是否存在系统的性别差异。
方法:在多个电子数据库中进行文献检索。如果研究比较了自然史组或类似人群中使用安慰剂的组或病情,则纳入研究。
结果:鉴定了18项研究-12项关于安慰剂的作用和6项关于Nocebo的作用。卡方检验显示,1)男性对安慰剂治疗的反应更强烈,女性对nocebo治疗的反应更强烈,并且2)男性对口头信息诱发的安慰剂作用较大,而女性对条件调节程序诱发的nocebo作用较大。
结论:这项审查表明,安慰剂和诺西博的作用存在性别差异,可能是由于压力,焦虑和内源性阿片样物质系统的性别差异引起的。

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