Chlorpyrifos (CPF) may weaken the immune defenses of children, making them vulnerable to opportunistic bacterial infection. CPF combined with bacterial infection is a potential problem for children during their childhood development. However, there is a lack of studies on the joint effects of these two factors on children. Here, we assessed the effects of CPF combined with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on the inflammation and development of the nervous system. In this study, the cell toxicity of CPF plus LPS in cultured astrocytes, and the pathogenic effects of CPF plus LPS in neonatal rat models were observed. The hydrogen (H2)-inhalation was used for treatment to explore its therapeutic potential. We found that CPF plus LPS activated the astrocyte, which increased the expressions of HMGB1, TLR4, and p-NF-κB p65, while H2-inhalation reduced the expressions (p < 0.05). We also found that CPF plus LPS induced long-lasting spatial memory deficits throughout brain maturation. However, H2-inhalation improved rat performance in these behavioral experiments (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the sub-toxic concentration of CPF did not cause a significant damage in short term, but induced a severe long-term damage to the brain when combined with LPS. H2-inhalation reduced the neuronal damage and behavioral abnormalities caused by CPF and LPS exposure.

译文

:毒死rif(CPF)可能会削弱儿童的免疫防御能力,使其容易受到机会性细菌感染。 CPF结合细菌感染是儿童在儿童期发展过程中的潜在问题。但是,关于这两个因素对儿童的联合影响尚缺乏研究。在这里,我们评估了CPF结合脂多糖(LPS)对神经系统炎症和发育的影响。在这项研究中,观察了CPF和LPS在培养的星形胶质细胞中的细胞毒性,以及CPF和LPS在新生大鼠模型中的致病作用。吸入氢气(H2)用于治疗,以探索其治疗潜力。我们发现CPF加LPS激活了星形胶质细胞,增加了HMGB1,TLR4和p-NF-κBp65的表达,而H2吸入则降低了表达(p <0.05)。我们还发现,CPF加LPS会在整个大脑成熟过程中引起长期的空间记忆缺陷。然而,在这些行为实验中,H 2吸入改善了大鼠的表现(p <0.05)。总之,CPF的亚毒性浓度在短期内不会引起明显的损害,但是当与LPS联合使用时,会对脑造成严重的长期损害。吸入H2减少了CPF和LPS暴露引起的神经元损害和行为异常。

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