BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This study evaluated the ability of ultrasonics and calcium hydroxide to remove pulp tissue debris from the mesial root canals of human mandibular molars. All teeth were instrumented using a standard filing technique and irrigated with an equal volume of 2.6% sodium hypochlorite before the application of the experimental debridement methods. Debridement comparisons were made of both instrumented and uninstrumented controls at the 3-mm and 1-mm levels of the canals and isthmuses. Statistical analysis showed no differences among the experimental groups or the instrumented controls in the canals at either level or isthmuses at the 3-mm level. In the isthmuses at the 1-mm level, no differences were found among the experimental groups, but they were all significantly cleaner than the instrumented controls. These results indicate that calcium hydroxide and ultrasonics are equally effective in debriding the root canal system, and that both are significantly better than standard instrumentation alone in the isthmuses at the 1-mm level.

背景与目标： : 这项研究评估了超声波和氢氧化钙从人下颌磨牙的中根管去除牙髓组织碎片的能力。在应用实验性清创方法之前，使用标准的锉技术对所有牙齿进行器械检查，并用等体积的2.6% 次氯酸钠冲洗。在3毫米和1毫米的运河和峡部水平上，对仪器和未仪器的对照进行清创比较。统计分析显示，实验组或仪器对照组在水平水平的运河或在3毫米水平的峡肌中均无差异。在1毫米水平的峡肌中，实验组之间没有发现差异，但它们都比仪器对照组明显清洁。这些结果表明，氢氧化钙和超声波在清除根管系统方面同样有效，并且在1mm水平的峡部中，两者均比单独的标准仪器明显更好。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: -2

背景与目标： -2

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Principal signs and symptoms of renal parenchyma infections are discussed in relation to findings in 10 cases. Disorders studied were acute pyelonephritis and focal and bacterial acute nephritis, renal abscess and perinephritic phlegmon. Intravenous urography was only moderately sensitive (4/7) and of little specificity. Ultrasound imaging showed much greater sensitivity (8/10), undetected lesions being the earliest cases of severe acute pyelonephritis. The scanner was the most sensitive investigatory method since it associated anatomical and functional aspects in data obtained, justifying its initial use for certain authors.

背景与目标： 结合10例病例的发现，讨论了肾实质感染的主要体征和症状。研究的疾病包括急性肾盂肾炎，局灶性和细菌性急性肾炎，肾脓肿和会阴性痰。静脉尿路造影仅中度敏感 (4/7)，特异性很小。超声成像显示出更高的敏感性 (8/10)，未发现的病变是严重急性肾盂肾炎的最早病例。扫描仪是最敏感的调查方法，因为它将所获得的数据中的解剖和功能方面相关联，从而证明了某些作者最初的使用是合理的。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: -2

背景与目标： -2

BACKGROUND & AIMS: -2

背景与目标： -2

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The root canals of 30 extracted human teeth with single canals were prepared biomechanically with hand instruments using a flaring technique. Three different irrigation regimes were used, with and without ultrasonic activation of a root canal file. The six irrigation sequences used in this study were as follows: Savlon, Savlon with ultrasound, EDTAC/NaOCl/EDTAC, EDTAC/NaOCl/EDTAC with ultrasound, NaOCl/EDTAC/NaOCl, and NaOCl/EDTAC/NaOCl with ultrasound. Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) examination of the prepared root canal walls showed a complete smear layer when Savlon was used. Ultrasound reduced the amount of smear with Savlon, but did not do so significantly with the other irrigation regimes. The most effective irrigation regime for removing smear layer and other debris was EDTAC/NaOCl/EDTAC. In all groups there was a significant decrease in cleaning efficiency as the apical end of the canal was approached.

背景与目标： : 使用扩口技术，用手器械以生物力学方式制备了30个具有单根管的人类牙齿的根管。使用了三种不同的灌溉方案，有和没有超声波激活根管锉。本研究中使用的六个灌溉序列如下: Savlon，超声的Savlon，EDTAC/NaOCl/EDTAC，超声的EDTAC/NaOCl/EDTAC，NaOCl/EDTAC/NaOCl和超声的NaOCl/EDTAC/NaOCl。使用Savlon时，对准备好的根管壁进行扫描电子显微镜 (SEM) 检查显示出完整的涂抹层。超声减少了Savlon的涂片量，但在其他灌溉制度中却没有明显减少。去除涂抹层和其他碎屑的最有效灌溉方案是EDTAC/NaOCl/EDTAC。在所有组中，随着运河顶端的接近，清洁效率均显着降低。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: -2

背景与目标： -2

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Echography enables a useful diagnostic distinction to be drawn between solid structures and cysts in the thyroid. Cold nodes measuring 1-5 cm in diameter, cysts (rarely malignant), and solid formations (more commonly malignant) can be differentiated to facilitate diagnosis, while changes in the size of a node can be followed without interrupting drug treatment to determine whether they are due to haemorrhage, resolution of a process, or an increase in node tissue. There is no risk to the patient and the cost of the examination is negligible. Its utility in the initial and subsequent investigation of such nodes is asserted.

背景与目标： : 回声描记法可以在甲状腺的实体结构和囊肿之间做出有用的诊断区分。可以区分直径为1-5厘米的冷结节，囊肿 (很少是恶性的) 和实体形成 (更常见的是恶性的)，以方便诊断，而可以在不中断药物治疗的情况下跟踪结节大小的变化，以确定它们是否由于出血，过程的解决，或者淋巴结组织的增加。对患者没有风险，检查费用可以忽略不计。断言其在此类节点的初始和后续研究中的效用。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The author carries out a sonographic study on 200 expansive kidney processes, in which he assess the possibilities of this method of diagnosis at the same time offering the echographic semiology of the different disorders being studied. Finally, he explains the limitations and drawbacks of this technique.

背景与目标： : 作者对200扩展的肾脏过程进行了超声检查研究，其中他评估了这种诊断方法的可能性，同时提供了正在研究的不同疾病的回声符号学。最后，他解释了这种技术的局限性和弊端。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Authors performed percutaneous renal biopsy guided by ultrasounds in 10 patients in whom urography was dangerous or did not provided good renal images. The advantages of this method are in the directional and dimensional accuracy of ultrasound scanning, so that the exact topography of the kidney can be established. The use of ultrasonically guided renal biopsy is mainly recommended in iodine medium idiosyncrasy, in myelomas and renal failure. This method can be preferred in order to establish the exact topography of kidney, in acute anuric renal failure, in chronic failure (when high doses of iodate contrast are needed), and in the presence of cyst.

背景与目标： : 作者在超声引导下对10例尿路造影危险或未提供良好肾脏图像的患者进行了经皮肾活检。该方法的优点在于超声扫描的方向和尺寸精度，因此可以建立肾脏的确切形貌。超声引导下的肾活检主要推荐用于碘介质特异，骨髓瘤和肾衰竭。这种方法可以是优选的，以便在急性无尿肾衰竭，慢性衰竭 (当需要高剂量的碘酸盐对比剂时) 和存在囊肿的情况下建立肾脏的确切地形。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :It is known that there are difficulties in timing of ovulation induction under gonadotrophines. The reason is that investigation parameters used so far only permit indirect quantitative statements. Ultrasonics permit the direct presentation of ovaries, cystic structure-follicles, registration of their number and size as well as control of the further development. Using an typical case, possibilities with ultrasonics are demonstrated. Ovulation was induced when one follicle (0 23 mm) dominated over two others (0 17 mm), and a corpus-luteum-cyst and the pregnancy were observed. Two gestational-sacs perished during bleedings in the 9th week of pregnancy. The normal pregnancy was controlled with ultrasonics until delivery. Ultrasonic equipment was Vidoson 635 S by Siemens and Diasonograph NE 4102/B by Nuclear Enterprises.

背景与目标： : 众所周知，在促性腺激素作用下，排卵诱导的时机存在困难。原因是迄今为止使用的调查参数仅允许间接定量陈述。超声波可以直接呈现卵巢，囊性结构-卵泡，记录其数量和大小以及控制进一步发育。使用典型案例，演示了超声波的可能性。当一个卵泡 (0 23毫米) 占主导地位超过另外两个卵泡 (0 17毫米) 时，诱导排卵，并观察到黄体囊肿和妊娠。在怀孕第9周的出血过程中，两个妊娠囊死亡。正常妊娠经超声控制直至分娩。超声设备是西门子公司的vidoson635和核工业企业的Diasonograph NE 4102/B。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This study compared the in vitro efficacy of Smear Clear (Sybron Endo, CA), a 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) solution with surfactants, to 17% EDTA, with and without the use of ultrasonics, in removal of the smear layer. Seventy-five extracted teeth, randomly distributed into 5 test groups, were prepared by using ProFile rotary instruments (Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland) and subjected to different final irrigating regimes; group A, 1% sodium hypochlorite; group B, 17% EDTA; group C, 17% EDTA with ultrasonics; group D, Smear Clear; and group E, Smear Clear with ultrasonics. Samples were examined under the scanning electron microscope and scored for debris and smear layer removal. Statistical analysis showed that groups D and E did not perform significantly better than groups B and C. Group C performed significantly better than group B. Addition of surfactants to EDTA in Smear Clear did not result in better smear layer removal. The use of ultrasonics with 17% EDTA improved smear layer removal.

背景与目标： : 这项研究比较了具有表面活性剂的17% 乙二胺四乙酸 (EDTA) 溶液涂片清除 (Sybron Endo，CA) 在去除涂片层时17% EDTA的体外功效。使用轮廓旋转仪器 (Dentsply Maillefer，Ballaigues，瑞士) 制备75颗拔牙，随机分为5个测试组，并进行不同的最终灌溉方案; A组，1% 次氯酸钠; B组，17% EDTA; C组，用超声波17% EDTA; D组，涂片清晰; 和E组，用超声波涂片清晰。在扫描电子显微镜下检查样品，并对碎片和涂抹层去除进行评分。统计分析显示，D组和E组的表现并不明显优于B组和C组。C组的表现明显优于B组。在涂片中向EDTA中添加表面活性剂不会导致更好的涂片层去除。使用具有17% EDTA的超声波改善了涂抹层的去除。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: -2

背景与目标： -2

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This study evaluated in vitro effectiveness of 17% EDTA with and without ultrasonics on smear layer removal. One hundred and five extracted premolars randomly divided into seven groups were instrumented with different final irrigating protocols: group A (Sal3US), saline for 3 minutes with ultrasonics; groups B (Na3) and C (Na3US), 1% sodium hypochlorite for 3 minutes without and with ultrasonics, respectively; groups D (ED3) and E (ED3US), 17% EDTA for 3 minutes without and with ultrasonics, respectively; and groups F (ED1) and G (ED1US), 17% EDTA for 1 minute without and with ultrasonics, respectively. Specimens were examined under scanning electron microscope and scored for smear layer and debris removal. Statistical analysis showed that groups with EDTA and ultrasonic irrigation, groups E (ED3US) and G (ED1US), had significantly more specimens with complete smear layer and debris removal. There was no significant difference between groups E (ED3US) and G (ED1US). A 1-minute application of combined use of EDTA and ultrasonics is efficient for smear layer and debris removal in the apical region of the root canal.

背景与目标： : 这项研究评估了17% EDTA在去除涂片层和不使用超声波的情况下的体外有效性。用不同的最终灌溉方案对一百零五个提取的前磨牙随机分为七组: A组 (Sal3US)，用超声波生理盐水3分钟; B组 (Na3) 和C组 (Na3US)，分别在不使用超声波和使用超声波的情况下1% 次氯酸钠3分钟; 组D (ED3) 和E (ED3US)，分别在不使用超声波和使用超声波的情况下17% 3分钟的EDTA; 以及组F (ED1) 和G (ED1US)，分别在不使用超声波和使用超声波的情况下17% 1分钟的EDTA。在扫描电子显微镜下检查标本，并对涂片层和碎屑去除进行评分。统计分析表明，使用EDTA和超声冲洗的E组 (ED3US) 和G组 (ED1US) 的标本明显更多，具有完整的涂抹层和碎屑去除。E组 (ED3US) 和G组 (ED1US) 之间无显著差异。EDTA和超声波的联合使用1分钟的应用对于根管顶端区域的涂抹层和碎屑去除是有效的。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: PURPOSE:The main purpose of this study was to compare the safety and efficacy of XEN gel implant surgery in patients with pseudoexfoliative glaucoma (PEXG) and primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). SETTING:This was a prospective, interventional study in a tertiary glaucoma center. METHODS:Fifty-seven eyes (43 patients) with POAG and 53 eyes (42 patients) with PEXG with uncontrolled intraocular pressure (IOP) despite medical treatment underwent combined XEN+cataract surgery or standalone XEN surgery. Mean IOP, mean number of medications at 1-year follow-up, needling rates, and incidence of adverse effects (AEs) were analyzed. Complete success, defined as an IOP <16 mm Hg without medications at 1 year, was also analyzed. RESULTS:Combined XEN+cataract surgery was performed in 72% of POAG and 75% of PEXG eyes (P=0.674), the remainder underwent standalone XEN surgery. Patient characteristics were similar between the 2 groups except for higher age for the PEXG patients (78.5±8.5 vs. 71.3± 8.7 y; P<0.001). Mean medicated IOP was 19.8±5.8 (POAG) and 19.7±8.2 (PEXG) at baseline (P=0.98) and 13.9±4.6 (-29.8%) and 13.6±4.3 mm Hg (-31%) at 1 year (P=0.87), respectively (P<0.01). Mean medications dropped from 1.9±1.6 (POAG) and 2.0±1.3 (PEXG) preoperatively to 0.4±0.8 and 0.5±0.8, respectively at 1 year (P<0.001). A total of 42% (POAG) and 63% (PEXG) eyes achieved complete success (P=0.06) at 1 year. Needling was performed in 36.8% (POAG) versus 37.7% (PEXG) (P=0.923). CONCLUSIONS:The XEN gel implant as a standalone or combined procedure demonstrated similar efficacy and safety results in PEXG and POAG eyes.

背景与目标：