BACKGROUND & AIMS: AIM:To compare the ability of syringe irrigation and ultrasonic irrigation to remove artificially placed dentine debris from simulated canal irregularities within prepared root canals. METHODOLOGY:After canal enlargement, twelve canines were split longitudinally into two halves. On the wall of one half of each root canal a standard groove of 4 mm in length, 0.2 mm in width and 0.5 mm in depth was cut, 2-6 mm from the apex, to simulate uninstrumented canal extensions. On the wall of the other half, three standard saucer-shaped depressions of 0.3 mm in diameter and 0.5 mm in depth were cut at 2, 4 and 6 mm from the apex to simulate uninstrumented canal irregularities. Each groove and depression were filled with dentine debris mixed with 2% NaOCl to simulate a situation when dentine debris accumulates in uninstrumented canal extensions and irregularities during canal preparation. Each tooth was re-assembled by reconnecting the two halves, using wire and an impression putty material. Two per cent NaOCl was then delivered into each canal either using syringe irrigation (n = 8) or using ultrasonic irrigation (n = 8). Before and after irrigation, images of the two halves of the canal wall were taken, using a microscope and a digital camera, after which they were scanned into a PC as TIFF images. The amount of remaining dentine debris in the grooves and depressions was evaluated by using a scoring system between 0-3: the higher the score, the more the debris. The data were analysed by means of the Mann-Whitney U-test. RESULTS:Both forms of irrigation reduced the debris score significantly. The debris score was statistically significantly lower after ultrasonic irrigation than after syringe irrigation (P = 0.002 for grooves, P = 0.047 for depressions). CONCLUSION:Ultrasonic irrigation ex vivo is more effective than syringe irrigation in removing artificially created dentine debris placed in simulated uninstrumented extensions and irregularities in straight, wide root canals.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The aim of the present study is to investigate a conventional laser-ultrasonics technique for the determination of intrinsic properties of oxide coatings and their adhesion strength on a metallic substrate. The good agreement between experiments and computations in an epicenter configuration allows determining the longitudinal wave velocity as well as the Young's modulus of the oxide coatings versus the porosity. For a critical value of the laser energy, a breakdown at the coating-substrate interface is generated by the laser irradiation. The critical tensile stress field developed at the coating/substrate interface, which leads to the interfacial fracture, can be easily calculated. The value of the practical adhesion which is defined is found to be in accordance with those obtained by classic contact techniques (tensile adhesion test, indentation, bending test). Finally, this work demonstrates that this quantitative, contactless test fits well to simultaneously characterise the oxide coatings and evaluate the coating-substrate adhesion.

背景与目标： : 本研究的目的是研究一种常规的激光超声波技术，用于确定氧化物涂层的固有性能及其在金属基材上的粘合强度。在震中配置中，实验与计算之间的良好一致性允许确定纵向波速以及氧化物涂层的杨氏模量与孔隙率的关系。对于激光能量的临界值，激光辐照会在涂层-基材界面产生击穿。可以轻松计算出在涂层/基材界面处形成的导致界面断裂的临界拉伸应力场。所定义的实际附着力的值与通过经典接触技术 (拉伸附着力测试，压痕，弯曲测试) 获得的值一致。最后，这项工作表明，这种定量的非接触式测试非常适合同时表征氧化物涂层并评估涂层-基材的附着力。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Tennis elbow or lateral epicondylitis is a common source of pain among craftsmen. Although it cannot be completely resolved, extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) and ultrasonics (US) have been found to be effective for tennis elbow as highlighted in previously published randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and reviews. However, the efficacy of these two therapies in treating tennis elbow is unknown. This meta-analysis compares the effectiveness of ESWT and US in relieving pain and restoring the functions of tennis elbow following tendinopathy. METHODS:RCTs published in the PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and SpringerLink databases comparing ESWT and US in treating tennis elbow were identified by a software and manual search. The risk of bias and clinical relevance of the included studies were assessed. Publication bias was explored using funnel plot and statistical tests (Egger's test and Begg's test). The major outcomes of the studies were analyzed using the Review Manager 5.3. RESULTS:Five RCTs comprising five patients were included in the present meta-analysis. The results revealed a significantly lower VAS score of pain in the ESWT group (1 month: MD = 4.47, p = 0.0001; 3 months: MD = 20.32, p < 0.00001; and 6 months: MD = 4.32, p < 0.0001) compared to US. Besides, the grip strength was markedly higher 3 months after the intervention in ESWT (MD = 8.87, p < 0.00001) than in the US group. Although no significant difference was observed in the scores of the elbow function after 3 months of treatment (SMD = 1.51, p = 0.13), the subjective scores of elbow functions were found to be better in the ESWT group (SMD = 3.34; p = 0.0008) compared to the US group. CONCLUSIONS:Although there was no significant difference in the elbow function evaluation scores between ESWT and US, the superiority of the ESWT group in the VAS of pain (both at 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months follow-ups) raised grip strength in ESWT group and the scores for subjective evaluation of efficacy indicated that ESWT offers more effective therapy for lateral epicondylitis than US therapy.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:To determine the reproducibility of radial artery mass (RAM), in hypertensive patients.

DESIGN AND METHODS:In 49 patients, RAM was measured using a high resolution echotracking device (Nius-02) which allows noninvasive measurement of diameter and wall thickness of the radial artery. RAM was validated in vitro by comparing weight of arterial segments to ultrasonographic measurement and determined as RAM = r (pi Re2-pi Ri2) where r is the arterial wall density (1.06 g/cm3), and Re and Ri are values of internal and external radii, respectively. Repeatability coefficient (RC2 = SDi2/n) was 1.3 mg.

RESULTS:Blood pressure was (mean +/- SD) 146 +/- 19/85 +/- 15 mmHg, radial arterial diameter was 2,449 +/- 376 microns, radial wall thickness was 302 +/- 68 microns, RAM was 28 +/- 9 mg (range 13-43 mg).

CONCLUSION:These results indicate that radial artery mass can be measured using a high resolution echotracking device.

背景与目标： 目的 : 确定高血压患者的radial动脉质量 (RAM) 的可重复性。
设计和方法 : 在49例患者中，使用高分辨率回声跟踪设备 (Nius-02) 测量RAM，该设备允许无创测量radial动脉的直径和壁厚。通过比较动脉段的重量与超声测量在体外验证RAM，并确定为RAM = r (pi Re2-pi Ri2)，其中r是动脉壁密度 (1.06g/cm3)，Re和Ri分别是内部和外部半径的值。重复性系数 (RC2 = SDi2/n) 为1.3 mg。
结果 : 血压为 (平均值 +/- SD) 146 +/- 19/85 +/- 15 mmHg，桡动脉直径为2,449 +/- 376微米，径向壁厚为302/- 68微米，RAM为28/- 9 mg (范围为13-43 mg)。
结论 : 这些结果表明，可以使用高分辨率回声追踪装置测量radial动脉质量。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Forty extracted teeth were instrumented using a step-back flare technique and obturated with gutta-percha and either AH26 or Roth's 801 sealer. After 3 months the canals were retreated by removing gutta-percha and sealer with hot instruments followed by chloroform and files. As a final step, the teeth were instrumented using ultrasonics with either chloroform or with NaOCl. Most teeth were well cleaned. No significant differences were found between sealer groups or between the two irrigants as to the ability to remove gutta-percha/sealer.

背景与目标： : 使用后步耀斑技术对40颗拔出的牙齿进行了检测，并用古塔胶和AH26或Roth的801密封剂进行了封堵。3个月后，用热仪器去除古塔胶和密封剂，然后用氯仿和锉刀将运河撤退。作为最后一步，使用超声波和氯仿或NaOCl对牙齿进行检测。大多数牙齿都被很好地清洁了。在密封剂组之间或两种灌溉剂之间，在去除牙胶/密封剂的能力方面没有发现显着差异。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :An account is given of the basic theory underlying the use of ultrasounds in the diagnosis of dilatation of the abdominal aorta, and its practical value. The limitations of physical examination and vacuum radiography, and the contraindications, inconveniences and risks associated with aortography are points in favour of echography. The salient features of its application in suspected aneurysm are described with reference to 12 clinical cases. This simple and harmless examination offers a reliable and non-invasive means of detecting the presence and determining the size of such aneurysms with safety and certainty.

背景与目标： : 介绍了使用超声波诊断腹主动脉扩张的基础理论及其实用价值。体格检查和真空射线照相的局限性以及与主动脉造影相关的禁忌症，不便和风险是支持回声造影的要点。参考12例临床病例描述了其在可疑动脉瘤中应用的显着特征。这种简单而无害的检查提供了一种可靠且无创的方法，可以安全可靠地检测此类动脉瘤的存在并确定其大小。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This study evaluated the ability of ultrasonics and calcium hydroxide to remove pulp tissue debris from the mesial root canals of human mandibular molars. All teeth were instrumented using a standard filing technique and irrigated with an equal volume of 2.6% sodium hypochlorite before the application of the experimental debridement methods. Debridement comparisons were made of both instrumented and uninstrumented controls at the 3-mm and 1-mm levels of the canals and isthmuses. Statistical analysis showed no differences among the experimental groups or the instrumented controls in the canals at either level or isthmuses at the 3-mm level. In the isthmuses at the 1-mm level, no differences were found among the experimental groups, but they were all significantly cleaner than the instrumented controls. These results indicate that calcium hydroxide and ultrasonics are equally effective in debriding the root canal system, and that both are significantly better than standard instrumentation alone in the isthmuses at the 1-mm level.

背景与目标： : 这项研究评估了超声波和氢氧化钙从人下颌磨牙的中根管去除牙髓组织碎片的能力。在应用实验性清创方法之前，使用标准的锉技术对所有牙齿进行器械检查，并用等体积的2.6% 次氯酸钠冲洗。在3毫米和1毫米的运河和峡部水平上，对仪器和未仪器的对照进行清创比较。统计分析显示，实验组或仪器对照组在水平水平的运河或在3毫米水平的峡肌中均无差异。在1毫米水平的峡肌中，实验组之间没有发现差异，但它们都比仪器对照组明显清洁。这些结果表明，氢氧化钙和超声波在清除根管系统方面同样有效，并且在1mm水平的峡部中，两者均比单独的标准仪器明显更好。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: -2

背景与目标： -2

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Principal signs and symptoms of renal parenchyma infections are discussed in relation to findings in 10 cases. Disorders studied were acute pyelonephritis and focal and bacterial acute nephritis, renal abscess and perinephritic phlegmon. Intravenous urography was only moderately sensitive (4/7) and of little specificity. Ultrasound imaging showed much greater sensitivity (8/10), undetected lesions being the earliest cases of severe acute pyelonephritis. The scanner was the most sensitive investigatory method since it associated anatomical and functional aspects in data obtained, justifying its initial use for certain authors.

背景与目标： 结合10例病例的发现，讨论了肾实质感染的主要体征和症状。研究的疾病包括急性肾盂肾炎，局灶性和细菌性急性肾炎，肾脓肿和会阴性痰。静脉尿路造影仅中度敏感 (4/7)，特异性很小。超声成像显示出更高的敏感性 (8/10)，未发现的病变是严重急性肾盂肾炎的最早病例。扫描仪是最敏感的调查方法，因为它将所获得的数据中的解剖和功能方面相关联，从而证明了某些作者最初的使用是合理的。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: -2

背景与目标： -2

BACKGROUND & AIMS: -2

背景与目标： -2

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The root canals of 30 extracted human teeth with single canals were prepared biomechanically with hand instruments using a flaring technique. Three different irrigation regimes were used, with and without ultrasonic activation of a root canal file. The six irrigation sequences used in this study were as follows: Savlon, Savlon with ultrasound, EDTAC/NaOCl/EDTAC, EDTAC/NaOCl/EDTAC with ultrasound, NaOCl/EDTAC/NaOCl, and NaOCl/EDTAC/NaOCl with ultrasound. Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) examination of the prepared root canal walls showed a complete smear layer when Savlon was used. Ultrasound reduced the amount of smear with Savlon, but did not do so significantly with the other irrigation regimes. The most effective irrigation regime for removing smear layer and other debris was EDTAC/NaOCl/EDTAC. In all groups there was a significant decrease in cleaning efficiency as the apical end of the canal was approached.

背景与目标： : 使用扩口技术，用手器械以生物力学方式制备了30个具有单根管的人类牙齿的根管。使用了三种不同的灌溉方案，有和没有超声波激活根管锉。本研究中使用的六个灌溉序列如下: Savlon，超声的Savlon，EDTAC/NaOCl/EDTAC，超声的EDTAC/NaOCl/EDTAC，NaOCl/EDTAC/NaOCl和超声的NaOCl/EDTAC/NaOCl。使用Savlon时，对准备好的根管壁进行扫描电子显微镜 (SEM) 检查显示出完整的涂抹层。超声减少了Savlon的涂片量，但在其他灌溉制度中却没有明显减少。去除涂抹层和其他碎屑的最有效灌溉方案是EDTAC/NaOCl/EDTAC。在所有组中，随着运河顶端的接近，清洁效率均显着降低。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: -2

背景与目标： -2

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Echography enables a useful diagnostic distinction to be drawn between solid structures and cysts in the thyroid. Cold nodes measuring 1-5 cm in diameter, cysts (rarely malignant), and solid formations (more commonly malignant) can be differentiated to facilitate diagnosis, while changes in the size of a node can be followed without interrupting drug treatment to determine whether they are due to haemorrhage, resolution of a process, or an increase in node tissue. There is no risk to the patient and the cost of the examination is negligible. Its utility in the initial and subsequent investigation of such nodes is asserted.

背景与目标： : 回声描记法可以在甲状腺的实体结构和囊肿之间做出有用的诊断区分。可以区分直径为1-5厘米的冷结节，囊肿 (很少是恶性的) 和实体形成 (更常见的是恶性的)，以方便诊断，而可以在不中断药物治疗的情况下跟踪结节大小的变化，以确定它们是否由于出血，过程的解决，或者淋巴结组织的增加。对患者没有风险，检查费用可以忽略不计。断言其在此类节点的初始和后续研究中的效用。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The author carries out a sonographic study on 200 expansive kidney processes, in which he assess the possibilities of this method of diagnosis at the same time offering the echographic semiology of the different disorders being studied. Finally, he explains the limitations and drawbacks of this technique.

背景与目标： : 作者对200扩展的肾脏过程进行了超声检查研究，其中他评估了这种诊断方法的可能性，同时提供了正在研究的不同疾病的回声符号学。最后，他解释了这种技术的局限性和弊端。