Tufted capuchin monkeys are known to use both quadrupedalism and bipedalism in their natural environments. Although previous studies have investigated limb kinematics and metabolic costs, their ground reaction forces (GRFs) and center of mass (CoM) mechanics during two and four-legged locomotion are unknown. Here, we determine the hind limb GRFs and CoM energy, work, and power during bipedalism and quadrupedalism over a range of speeds and gaits to investigate the effect of differential limb number on locomotor performance. Our results indicate that capuchin monkeys use a "grounded run" during bipedalism (0.83-1.43 ms(-1)) and primarily ambling and galloping gaits during quadrupedalism (0.91-6.0 ms(-1)). CoM energy recoveries are quite low during bipedalism (2-17%), and in general higher during quadrupedalism (4-72%). Consistent with this, hind limb vertical GRFs as well as CoM work, power, and collisional losses are higher in bipedalism than quadrupedalism. The positive CoM work is 2.04 ± 0.40 Jkg(-1) m(-1) (bipedalism) and 0.70 ± 0.29 Jkg(-1) m(-1) (quadrupedalism), which is within the range of published values for two and four-legged terrestrial animals. The results of this study confirm that facultative bipedalism in capuchins and other nonhuman primates need not be restricted to a pendulum-like walking gait, but rather can include running, albeit without an aerial phase. Based on these results and similar studies of other facultative bipeds, we suggest that important transitions in the evolution of hominin locomotor performance were the emergences of an obligate, pendulum-like walking gait and a bouncy running gait that included a whole-body aerial phase.

译文

簇绒卷尾猴在自然环境中使用四足动物和两足动物。尽管先前的研究已经研究了肢体运动学和代谢成本,但在两足和四足运动过程中,它们的地面反作用力 (grf) 和质心 (CoM) 力学尚不清楚。在这里,我们确定两足运动和四足运动在一定速度和步态范围内的后肢grf和CoM能量,功和力量,以研究不同肢体数对运动性能的影响。我们的结果表明,卷尾猴在两足动物 (0.83-1.43 ms(-1)) 期间使用 “接地跑”,在四足动物 (0.91-6.0 ms(-1)) 期间主要使用步态和疾驰步态。CoM能量回收率在两足动物 (2-17%) 期间相当低,而在四足动物 (4-72%) 期间一般较高。与此一致,两足动物的后肢垂直grf以及CoM工作,力量和碰撞损失均高于四足动物。正CoM工作是2.04 ± 0.40 Jkg(-1) m(-1) (两足动物) 和0.70 ± 0.29 Jkg(-1) m(-1) (四足动物),这在两个和四足陆生动物的公开值范围内。这项研究的结果证实,在capuchins和其他非人类灵长类动物中,兼性双足动物不必局限于钟摆状的步态,而可以包括跑步,尽管没有空中阶段。基于这些结果和对其他兼性两足动物的类似研究,我们建议人运动能力演变中的重要转变是专性的,钟摆状的行走步态和包括全身空中阶段的有弹性的奔跑步态的出现。

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