The need for novel antibiotics comes from the relatively high incidence of bacterial infection and the growing resistance of bacteria to conventional antibiotics. Consequently, new methods for reducing bacteria activity (and associated infections) are badly needed. Nanotechnology, the use of materials with dimensions on the atomic or molecular scale, has become increasingly utilized for medical applications and is of great interest as an approach to killing or reducing the activity of numerous microorganisms. While some natural antibacterial materials, such as zinc and silver, possess greater antibacterial properties as particle size is reduced into the nanometer regime (due to the increased surface to volume ratio of a given mass of particles), the physical structure of a nanoparticle itself and the way in which it interacts with and penetrates into bacteria appears to also provide unique bactericidal mechanisms. A variety of techniques to evaluate bacteria viability, each with unique advantages and disadvantages, has been established and must be understood in order to determine the effectiveness of nanoparticles (diameter ≤ 100 nm) as antimicrobial agents. In addition to addressing those techniques, a review of select literature and a summary of bacteriostatic and bactericidal mechanisms are covered in this manuscript.

译文

对新型抗生素的需求来自相对较高的细菌感染发生率以及细菌对常规抗生素的耐药性不断增强。因此,迫切需要减少细菌活性 (和相关感染) 的新方法。纳米技术 (使用具有原子或分子尺度尺寸的材料) 已越来越多地用于医学应用,并且作为杀死或减少许多微生物活性的方法引起了极大的兴趣。虽然一些天然抗菌材料,如锌和银,具有更大的抗菌性能,因为颗粒尺寸减小到纳米范围内 (由于给定质量的颗粒的表面体积比增加),纳米颗粒本身的物理结构及其与细菌相互作用和渗透到细菌中的方式似乎也提供了独特的杀菌机制。为了确定纳米颗粒 (直径 ≤ 100 nm) 作为抗微生物剂的有效性,已经建立了多种评价细菌活力的技术,每种技术都具有独特的优点和缺点,并且必须理解这些技术。除了解决这些技术之外,本手稿还涵盖了精选文献的回顾以及抑菌和杀菌机制的摘要。

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