BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Control of self-renewal and differentiation of human ES cells (hESCs) remains a challenge. This is largely due to the use of culture systems that involve poorly defined animal products and do not mimic the normal developmental milieu. Routine protocols involve the propagation of hESCs on mouse fibroblast or human feeder layers, enzymatic cell removal, and spontaneous differentiation in cultures of embryoid bodies, and each of these steps involves significant variability of culture conditions. We report that a completely synthetic hydrogel matrix can support (i) long-term self-renewal of hESCs in the presence of conditioned medium from mouse embryonic fibroblast feeder layers, and (ii) direct cell differentiation. Hyaluronic acid (HA) hydrogels were selected because of the role of HA in early development and feeder layer cultures of hESCs and the controllability of hydrogel architecture, mechanics, and degradation. When encapsulated in 3D HA hydrogels (but not within other hydrogels or in monolayer cultures on HA), hESCs maintained their undifferentiated state, preserved their normal karyotype, and maintained their full differentiation capacity as indicated by embryoid body formation. Differentiation could be induced within the same hydrogel by simply altering soluble factors. We therefore propose that HA hydrogels, with their developmentally relevant composition and tunable physical properties, provide a unique microenvironment for the self-renewal and differentiation of hESCs.

背景与目标： : 控制人类胚胎干细胞的自我更新和分化仍然是一个挑战。这主要是由于使用了涉及定义不明确的动物产品且不模仿正常发育环境的培养系统。常规方案涉及hesc在小鼠成纤维细胞或人类饲养层上的繁殖，酶促细胞去除以及胚状体培养物中的自发分化，并且这些步骤中的每个步骤都涉及培养条件的显着变异性。我们报告说，完全合成的水凝胶基质可以支持 (i) 在来自小鼠胚胎成纤维细胞饲养层的条件培养基存在下hESCs的长期自我更新，以及 (ii) 直接细胞分化。之所以选择透明质酸 (HA) 水凝胶，是因为HA在hESCs的早期发育和饲养层培养中的作用以及水凝胶结构，力学和降解的可控性。当封装在3D HA水凝胶中 (但不在其他水凝胶中或在HA上的单层培养物中) 时，hESCs保持其未分化状态，保留其正常核型，并保持其完全分化能力，如胚状体形成所示。通过简单地改变可溶性因子，可以在同一水凝胶中诱导分化。因此，我们建议HA水凝胶具有与发育相关的组成和可调的物理特性，为hesc的自我更新和分化提供了独特的微环境。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Hydrogel polymers have many applications in regenerative medicine. The aim of this study in dogs was to investigate bone regeneration in dehiscence-type peri-implant defects created surgically and treated with (i) biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) granules alone; (ii) a composite putty hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC)/BCP (MBCP/putty); and (iii) a polymer crosslinked membrane of silanized-HPMC (Si-HPMC/BCP) compared with empty controls. At 3 months, new bone formation was significantly more important in defects filled with HPMC/BCP or Si-HPMC/BCP compared with spontaneous healing in control (P = 0.032 and P = 0.046 respectively) and more substantial compared with BCP alone. Furthermore, new bone formation in direct contact with the implant surface was observed in all three groups treated with BCP. The addition of HPMC to the BCP granules may have enhanced the initial stability of the material within the blood clot in these large and complex osseous defects. The Si-HPMC hydrogel may also act as an occlusive membrane covering the BCP, which could improve the stability of the granules in the defect area. However, the crosslinking time of the Si-HPMC is too long for easy handling and the mechanical properties remain to be improved. The composite MBCP/putty appears to be a valuable bone-graft material in complex defects in periodontology and implantology. These encouraging results should now be confirmed in clinical studies.

背景与目标： : 水凝胶聚合物在再生医学中有许多应用。这项研究的目的是在狗中研究通过手术产生并仅用双相磷酸钙 (BCP) 颗粒治疗的开裂型种植体周围缺损的骨再生; (ii) 复合腻子羟丙基甲基纤维素 (HPMC)/BCP (MBCP/putty); (iii) 与空对照相比，硅烷化-HPMC (Si-HPMC/BCP) 的聚合物交联膜。在3个月时，与对照组的自发愈合相比，新骨形成在HPMC/BCP或Si-HPMC/BCP填充的缺损中明显更重要 (分别为P = 0.032和P = 0.046)，并且与单独的BCP相比更重要。此外，在接受BCP治疗的所有三组中，均观察到与植入物表面直接接触的新骨形成。在BCP颗粒中添加HPMC可能会增强这些大而复杂的骨缺损中血凝块内材料的初始稳定性。Si-HPMC水凝胶也可以充当覆盖BCP的闭塞膜，这可以改善缺陷区域中颗粒的稳定性。然而，Si-HPMC的交联时间太长，无法轻松处理，并且机械性能仍有待改善。在牙周病学和种植学的复杂缺陷中，复合MBCP/腻子似乎是一种有价值的骨移植材料。这些令人鼓舞的结果现在应该在临床研究中得到证实。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The 5-year mortality rate for heart failure borders on 50%. The main cause is an ischaemic cardiac event where blood supply to the tissue is lost and cell death occurs. Over time, this damage spreads and the heart is no longer able to pump efficiently. Increasing vascularisation of the affected area has been shown to reduce patient symptoms. The growth factors required to do this have short half-lives making development of an efficacious therapy difficult. Herein, the angiogenic growth factor Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) is complexed electrostatically with star-shaped or linear polyglutamic acid (PGA) polypeptides. Optimised PGA-VEGF nanomedicines provide VEGF encapsulation of > 99% and facilitate sustained release of VEGF for up to 28 days in vitro. The star-PGA-VEGF nanomedicines are loaded into a percutaneous delivery compliant hyaluronic acid hydrogel. Sustained release of VEGF from the composite nano-in-gel system is evident for up to 35 days and the released VEGF has comparable bioactivity to free, fresh VEGF when tested on both Matrigel® and scratch assays. The final star-PGA-VEGF nanomedicine-loaded hydrogel is biocompatible and provides sustained release of bioactive VEGF. Therefore, we report the development of novel, self-assembling PGA-VEGF nanomedicines and their incorporation into a hyaluronic acid hydrogel that is compatible with medical devices to enable minimally invasive delivery to the heart. The final star-PGA-VEGF nanomedicine-loaded hydrogel is biocompatible and provides sustained release of bioactive VEGF. This formulation provides the basis for optimal spatiotemporal delivery of an angiogenic growth factor to the ischaemic myocardium.

背景与目标： : 心力衰竭的5年死亡率与50% 年接壤。主要原因是缺血性心脏事件，其中组织的血液供应丢失并发生细胞死亡。随着时间的流逝，这种伤害会扩散，心脏不再能够有效地泵送。疫区血管化的增加已被证明可以减轻患者的症状。这样做所需的生长因子半衰期短，因此很难开发有效的疗法。在本文中，血管生成生长因子血管内皮生长因子 (VEGF) 与星形或线性聚谷氨酸 (PGA) 多肽静电复合。优化的PGA-VEGF纳米药物提供> 99% 的VEGF包封并促进VEGF在体外持续释放达28天。将star-PGA-VEGF纳米药物加载到经皮递送顺应性透明质酸水凝胶中。从复合纳米凝胶系统中持续释放VEGF长达35天，并且在两种Matrigel上测试时，释放的VEGF具有与游离的新鲜VEGF相当的生物活性®和划痕分析。最终的star-pga-vegf纳米药物负载的水凝胶是生物相容性的，并提供生物活性VEGF的持续释放。因此，我们报告了新型的自组装PGA-VEGF纳米药物的开发，并将其掺入透明质酸水凝胶中，该水凝胶与医疗设备兼容，从而能够微创地输送到心脏。最终的star-pga-vegf纳米药物负载的水凝胶是生物相容性的，并提供生物活性VEGF的持续释放。该配方为将血管生成生长因子最佳时空传递到缺血性心肌提供了基础。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :To achieve a three-dimensional (3D) microenvironment for complex tissue regeneration is a great challenge when developing biomaterials as artificial extracellular matrix (ECM) with properties similar to that of native tissue. Polysaccharide-based hydrogel shows great potential as ECM in the regeneration of damaged tissues or reconstruction of organs, demonstrating properties similar to those of native ECM. Extrusion 3D printing of cell-free or cell-loaded hydrogel ink has led to a more sophisticated fabrication of the desired compositions and architectures for tissue engineering applications. The development of stable cell-free and cell-loaded hydrogel inks with optimal physicochemical properties and biocompatibility is also a major concern in direct-write extrusion-based 3D printing. In this study, carboxylated cellulose nanocrystals (cCNCs) were prepared using ammonium persulfate, where transmission electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and x-ray diffraction analyses confirmed their successful preparation. Further, the effect of cCNCs (-COOH) and/or xanthan gum (XG) (-COOH) was evaluated on the rheological behavior of the sodium alginate (SA) hydrogel matrix. The incorporation of cCNCs and XG manipulated the flow and shear-thinning behavior of the hydrogel inks, thereby improving the printing ability. The results showed good rheological properties, post-printing fidelity, and dynamic mechanical properties under compression of the developed hydrogel inks. Furthermore, good viability of the human skin fibroblast (CCD-986Sk) cells on bulk hydrogels (hydrogel inks) was observed, as demonstrated by both qualitative and quantitative cell analyses. The use of cCNCs and XG in SA hydrogel inks provides a primary insight for further improvement in designing 3D bioprintable hydrogel inks.

背景与目标： : 在开发具有与天然组织相似特性的人工细胞外基质 (ECM) 的生物材料时，要实现用于复杂组织再生的三维 (3D) 微环境是一个巨大的挑战。基于多糖的水凝胶在受损组织的再生或器官的重建中显示出ECM的巨大潜力，表现出与天然ECM相似的特性。无细胞或装有细胞的水凝胶油墨的挤出3D打印已导致用于组织工程应用的所需组合物和结构的更复杂的制造。开发具有最佳理化性质和生物相容性的稳定的无细胞和负载细胞的水凝胶油墨也是直接写入基于挤出的3D打印的主要关注点。在这项研究中，使用过硫酸铵制备了羧化纤维素纳米晶体 (cCNCs)，其中透射电子显微镜，傅立叶变换红外光谱和x射线衍射分析证实了它们的成功制备。此外，评估了cCNCs (-COOH) 和/或黄原胶 (XG) (-COOH) 对藻酸钠 (SA) 水凝胶基质的流变行为的影响。cCNCs和XG的掺入控制了水凝胶油墨的流动和剪切稀化行为，从而提高了印刷能力。结果表明，所开发的水凝胶油墨在压缩下具有良好的流变性能，印刷后保真度和动态力学性能。此外，如定性和定量细胞分析所证明的，观察到人皮肤成纤维细胞 (CCD-986Sk) 细胞在本体水凝胶 (水凝胶油墨) 上的良好活力。在SA水凝胶油墨中使用cCNCs和XG为进一步改进设计3D生物可打印水凝胶油墨提供了主要见解。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Steroid P450 11beta-hydroxylase, encoded by the CYP11B gene, is a key mitochondrial enzyme for the production of 11-oxygenated androgens, which have been shown to be potent masculinising steroids in several fish species. In this study we have isolated a CYP11B cDNA of 1903 base pairs from the testis of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) encoding a predicted protein of 552 amino acids. The amino acid identities to other vertebrate 11beta-hydroxylase proteins ranged from 66% to 72% to other fish; 45% to amphibian and 35-39% to mammalian. Southern blot indicated that a single CYP11B gene is present. Northern blot analysis detected two transcripts in testis and head kidney, one of the same size of the isolated clone and the other of 3.9 kb. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction showed abundant mRNA expression only in testis and head kidney, being residual in a range of other tissues. Expression of CYP11B and CYP19A (which encodes for ovarian aromatase) was detected from at least 4 days post-hatching and did not appear to be affected by rearing temperature (15 and 20 degrees C) during the first 60 days, a period in which high temperatures promote masculinisation in European sea bass. Throughout, gonadogenesis (60-300 dph), a highly dimorphic pattern of CYP11B expression was consistent with a role of this gene in testicular development.

背景与目标： : 由CYP11B基因编码的类固醇P450 11β-羟化酶是生产11-氧化雄激素的关键线粒体酶，已证明在几种鱼类中具有有效的男性化类固醇。在这项研究中，我们从欧洲鲈鱼 (Dicentrarchus labrax) 的睾丸中分离出CYP11B cDNA 1903年碱基对，编码552个氨基酸的预测蛋白。与其他脊椎动物11β-羟化酶蛋白的氨基酸同一性范围从66% 到72% 到其他鱼类; 两栖动物为45%，哺乳动物为35-39%。Southern印迹表明存在单个CYP11B基因。Northern印迹分析在睾丸和头肾中检测到两个转录本，一个相同大小的分离克隆和另一个3.9 kb。逆转录酶-聚合酶链反应仅在睾丸和头肾中显示出丰富的mRNA表达，在其他组织中残留。从孵化后至少4天检测到CYP11B和CYP19A (编码卵巢芳香化酶) 的表达，并且在最初的60天内似乎不受饲养温度 (15和20摄氏度) 的影响。高温促进欧洲鲈鱼的男性化。在整个性腺发生过程中 (60-300 dph)，CYP11B表达的高度二态模式与该基因在睾丸发育中的作用一致。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Biomacromolecular hydrogels are consist of 3D networks, which have a tendency to absorb large amount of water without dissolving in aqueous medium. Such inherent feature of the hydrogels facilitates the scientific research interest to a dominating path in extending their potential in various fields. In recent years, development of responsive hydrogels has been observed in various field. Self-healing property of the hydrogel attracts more attention in different areas because this property increases the lifespan of the polymeric material. By keeping all these views in mind, the present review focuses on the classification of biomacromolecular hydrogels, methods and its applications. The polymeric material exhibiting multi-responsive properties such as swelling, pH responsive, mechanically strong, self-healing, flexible plays vital role in different applications. In addition, this review summarizes the classification of hydrogels, based on their chemical and physical state along with the various applications. At the end, a brief outlook also presented the future aspects of the hydrogels.

背景与目标： : 生物大分子水凝胶由3D网络组成，它们倾向于吸收大量的水而不会溶解在水性介质中。水凝胶的这种固有特征使科学研究兴趣成为扩展其在各个领域潜力的主要途径。近年来，在各个领域都观察到了响应性水凝胶的发展。水凝胶的自愈特性在不同领域引起了更多关注，因为这种特性增加了聚合物材料的使用寿命。通过牢记所有这些观点，本综述着重于生物大分子水凝胶的分类，方法及其应用。具有多响应特性 (例如溶胀，pH响应，机械强度，自愈性，柔韧性) 的聚合物材料在不同应用中起着至关重要的作用。此外，本文根据水凝胶的化学和物理状态以及各种应用总结了水凝胶的分类。最后，简要展望还介绍了水凝胶的未来方面。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:The aim of this study is to establish the dexamethasone sodium phosphate multivesicular liposomes thermosensative hydrogel (DEX-MVLs-Gel) drug delivery system and to analyze the pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics and safety of DEX-MVLs-Gel as well as to explore whether the prepared DEX-MVLs-Gel can protect the hearing in the guinea pigs following noise exposure. METHODS:DEX-MVLs formulations were constructed by double emulsion method, and the DEX-MVLs-Gel was prepared after adding P407 and P188 into the DEX-MVLs. A total of 20 adult albino guinea pigs were chosen to establish the animal models with noise-induced hearing loss. After animals were treated with DEX-MVLs-Gel at concentrations of 20, 6 and 2 mg/mL, and 5 mg/mL Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate (DEX-P) solution, respectively, the hearing function, drug concentration in the peripheral lymph fluid, and hair cell morphology were assessed. RESULTS:The ABR threshold of the 20 mg/mL DEX-MVLs-Gel treated group at the frequencies of 4, 8, 16 and 24 kHz were measured as 47.5 ± 5.2, 48.3 ± 4.1, 55.8 ± 3.8 and 57.5 5 ± 5.2 dB SPL, respectively. Statistical significances were noted between the 20 mg/mL DEX-MVLs-Gel treated group and control group at each frequency (all P < 0.05), between the 2 mg/mL and 6 mg/mL DEX-MVLs-Gel treated groups at the frequencies of 4 and 8 kHz (both P < 0.05). High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) demonstrated that the drug concentrations in the peripheral lymph in all groups were gradually decreased on the 1st, 3rd and 7th d after intratympanic injection. Scattered hair cell loss could be observed mainly in the basal and middle turn in the saline administrated group and the 20 mg/mL DEX-MVLs-Gel administration group, and the hair cell loss was not identified in the apical turn. CONCLUSIONS:A high concentration (20 mg/mL) of DEX-MVLs-Gel exerts significant protective effects upon the guinea pigs with noise-induced hearing loss. The prepared DEX-MVLs-Gel can be effectively maintained in the peripheral lymph fluid of guinea pigs for 3-7 d and MVLs-Gel causes no obvious ototoxicity.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Recent studies have shown that keratinocytes can sense temperature via thermo-transient receptor potential (TRP) channels. It is not known whether other thermosensitive ion channels such as TREK-1, TREK-2 and TRAAK (TREKs/TRAAK) that are members of the two-pore domain K(+) (K(2P)) channel family are expressed in human keratinocytes. Here, we identified the expression of TREKs/TRAAK in human keratinocytes-derived cell line HaCaT cells using RT-PCR, immunocytochemistry, Western blot analysis and patch-clamp technique. RT-PCR showed that all six K(2P) channels tested (TASK-1, TASK-3, TREK-1, TREK-2, TRAAK and TASK-2) were expressed in HaCaT cells, as well as in skin and dorsal root ganglion (DRG) of rat. The expression of TREKs/TRAAK mRNA identified by RT-PCR was further studied at the protein level. Using anti-TREK-1, -TREK-2 and -TRAAK, bands of approximately 46, approximately 60 and approximately 43 kDa, respectively, were observed at plasma membrane of HaCaT cells. Immunostaining also showed that TREK-1, TREK-2 and TRAAK were expressed in all area of cells including plasma membrane. Whole-cell K(+) currents recorded from HaCaT cells were activated by arachidonic acid and heat. These results suggest that TREKs/TRAAK channels could act as thermosensors in human keratinocytes.

背景与目标： : 最近的研究表明，角质形成细胞可以通过热瞬时受体电位 (TRP) 通道感知温度。尚不清楚作为两孔结构域K () (K(2P)) 通道家族成员的其他热敏离子通道 (例如TREK-1，TREK-2和TRAAK (TREKs/TRAAK)) 是否在人类角质形成细胞中表达。在这里，我们使用rt-pcr，免疫细胞化学，蛋白质印迹分析和膜片钳技术鉴定了TREKs/TRAAK在人角质形成细胞衍生的细胞系HaCaT细胞中的表达。Rt-pcr显示，所测试的所有六个K(2P) 通道 (TASK-1，TASK-3，TREK-1，TREK-2，TRAAK和TASK-2) 均在HaCaT细胞以及皮肤和大鼠背根神经节 (DRG) 中表达。在蛋白质水平上进一步研究了通过rt-pcr鉴定的TREKs/TRAAK mRNA的表达。使用抗TREK-1，-TREK-2和-TRAAK，在HaCaT细胞的质膜上分别观察到约46，约60和约43 kDa的条带。免疫染色还显示，TREK-1，TREK-2和TRAAK在包括质膜在内的所有细胞区域均表达。花生四烯酸和热激活了从HaCaT细胞记录的全细胞K () 电流。这些结果表明，TREKs/TRAAK通道可以充当人角质形成细胞的热传感器。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells has been extensively investigated with regards to different aspects, including the analysis of cell intracellular and extracellular proteome, cell gene expression pattern, and morphology. During the osteogenic differentiation, osteoblasts produce and release specific proteins, like osteocalcin and osteopontin. Simultaneously, cells produce the extracellular matrix (ECM) that resembles the bone ECM, with high quantity of calcium and phosphorus. We focused on the ultrastructural changes occurring during the osteogenic differentiation of MSC cultured in alginate hydrogel. RESULTS:The analysis revealed that during the osteogenic differentiation the most of cells become dead, and these dead cells contain large quantities of calcium and deposition is strictly connected with the cellular death and small membrane vesicles released by cells. Cell organelles were not present within differentiated cells, while in cells from non-osteogenic group the cellular ultrastructure was proper, with single nuclei, endoplasmic reticulum and numerous mitochondria. CONCLUSION:The ECM synthesis and deposition during the osteogenic differentiation of MSC involves cellular programmed death. The small membrane vesicles become the mineralization sites of formed bone ECM.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :In the field of bone regenerative medicine, injectable calcium phosphate cements (CPCs) are used for decades in clinics, as bone void fillers. Most often preformed polymers (e.g., hyaluronic acid, collagen, chitosan, cellulose ethers…) are introduced in the CPC formulation to make it injectable and improve its cohesion. Once the cement has hardened, the polymer is simply trapped in the CPC structure and no organic subnetwork is present. By contrast, in this work a CPC was combined with organic monomers that reticulated in situ so that a continuous biocompatible 3D polymeric subnetwork was formed in the CPC microstructure, resulting in a higher permeability of the CPC, which might allow to accelerate its in vivo degradation. Two options were investigated depending on whether the polymer was formed before the apatitic inorganic network or concomitantly. In the former case, conditions were found to reach a suitable rheology for easy injection of the composite. In addition, the in situ formed polymer was shown to strongly affect the size, density, and arrangement of the apatite crystals formed during the setting reaction, thereby offering an original route to modulate the microstructure and porosity of apatitic cements.

背景与目标： : 在骨再生医学领域，可注射的磷酸钙水泥 (cpc) 在临床上使用了数十年，作为骨空隙填充剂。在CPC配方中引入最常见的预制聚合物 (例如，透明质酸，胶原蛋白，壳聚糖，纤维素醚……)，以使其可注射并改善其凝聚力。水泥硬化后，聚合物仅被困在CPC结构中，不存在有机子网。相比之下，在这项工作中，CPC与原位网状的有机单体结合，从而在CPC微结构中形成了连续的生物相容性3D聚合物子网络，从而导致CPC的渗透性更高，这可能会加速其体内降解。根据聚合物是在磷灰质无机网络之前形成还是同时形成，研究了两种选择。在前一种情况下，发现条件达到了易于注入复合材料的合适流变学。此外，原位形成的聚合物显示出强烈影响凝固反应过程中形成的磷灰石晶体的尺寸，密度和排列，从而提供了调节磷灰石水泥的微观结构和孔隙率的原始途径。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The copolymerization of starch with acrylic acid AAc using direct gamma radiation technique was performed. The effect of AAc concentrations on the gel (%) and swelling behavior were investigated. It is found that as AAc concentrations increase both gel(%) and swelling behavior increase. The Poly(starch/acrylic acid) (1:10wt%) hydrogel were selected due to its high swelling properties. From the in-vitro release study of the rutin-loaded hydrogel it is observed that it is strong pH-dependent release behavior, thus offering a maximum release as pH increased. The dextran sulphate sodium (DSS)-induced rat colitis model was treated with rutin-loaded Poly(starch/acrylic acid) (1:10wt%) hydrogel and free rutin solution by oral administration. Colitic control group showed a significant elevation in colon/body weight ratio, myeloperoxgidase activity, tumor necrosis factor, nitric oxide and malondialdehyde levels. However, glutathione level was reduced. It was found that the rutin-loaded hydrogel was more efficient than free rutin as evidenced by improvement of all measured parameters. These effects were confirmed histopathologically and may be attributed to its ability to control delivery of rutin to colon with minor early release of rutin before colon. The Poly(starch/acrylic acid) (1:10wt%) can represent a pivotal anti-inflammatory approach for patients with inflammatory bowel disease in order to increase efficacy and reduce toxicity.

背景与目标： : 使用直接伽马辐射技术进行了淀粉与丙烯酸AAc的共聚。研究了AAc浓度对凝胶 (%) 和溶胀行为的影响。发现随着AAc浓度的增加，凝胶 (%) 和溶胀行为均增加。选择聚 (淀粉/丙烯酸) (1:10wt %) 水凝胶，因为它具有高溶胀性能。从负载芦丁的水凝胶的体外释放研究中可以看出，它具有很强的pH依赖性释放行为，因此随着pH的增加而提供最大的释放。用芦丁负载的聚 (淀粉/丙烯酸) (1:10wt %) 水凝胶和游离芦丁溶液口服处理葡聚糖硫酸钠 (DSS) 诱导的大鼠结肠炎模型。结肠对照组的结肠/体重比，髓过氧化物酶活性，肿瘤坏死因子，一氧化氮和丙二醛水平显着升高。然而，谷胱甘肽水平降低。已发现，装载芦丁的水凝胶比游离芦丁更有效，这可以通过改善所有测量参数来证明。这些作用已在组织病理学上得到证实，可能归因于其控制芦丁向结肠的递送的能力，而在结肠前少量早期释放芦丁。聚 (淀粉/丙烯酸) (1:10wt %) 可以代表炎症性肠病患者的关键抗炎方法，以提高疗效并降低毒性。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This paper presents a novel optoelectrofluidic printing system that facilitates not only the optoelectrofluidic patterning of microparticles and mammalian cells but also the harvesting of the patterned microparticles encapsulated within poly(ethylene glycol) dicarylate (PEGDA) hydrogel sheets. Although optoelectrofluidic technology has numerous advantages for programmable and on-demand patterning and the feasibility of manipulating single microparticles, practical applications using existing laboratory infrastructure in biological and clinical research fields have been strictly restricted due to the impossibility of recovering the final patterned product. In order to address these harvesting limitations, PEGDA was employed to utilize optoelectrofluidic printing. The Clausius-Mossotti factor was calculated to investigate the dielectrophoretic mobility of the microparticle and the cell in the PEGDA precursor solution. As a proof of concept, three basic controllabilities of the optoelectrofluidic printing system were characterized: the number of microparticles, the distance between the microparticle columns, and the ratio of two different microparticles. Furthermore, the optoelectrofluidic patterning and printing of human liver carcinoma cells (HepG2) were demonstrated in 5 min with a single-cell level of resolution. The appropriate ranges of frequency were experimentally defined based on the calculated result of the dielectrophoretic mobility of HepG2 cells. Finally, optoelectrofluidically cell-patterned hydrogel sheets were successfully recovered under a highly viable physiological condition.

背景与目标： : 本文介绍了一种新颖的光电流体打印系统，该系统不仅有助于微粒和哺乳动物细胞的光电流体图案化，而且还可以收集封装在聚 (乙二醇) 二芳酸酯 (PEGDA) 水凝胶片中的图案化微粒。尽管光电流体技术在可编程和按需图案化以及操纵单个微粒的可行性方面具有许多优势，但由于不可能回收最终图案化产品，因此在生物和临床研究领域中使用现有实验室基础设施的实际应用受到严格限制。为了解决这些收获限制，使用了PEGDA来利用光电流体打印。计算了Clausius-Mossotti因子，以研究PEGDA前体溶液中微粒和细胞的介电电泳迁移率。作为概念证明，对光电流体打印系统的三个基本控制性进行了表征: 微粒的数量，微粒柱之间的距离以及两种不同微粒的比例。此外，在5分钟内以单细胞水平的分辨率证明了人肝癌细胞 (HepG2) 的光电流体图案化和印刷。根据HepG2细胞的介电电泳迁移率的计算结果，实验确定了适当的频率范围。最后，在高度可行的生理条件下，成功地回收了光电流体细胞图案化的水凝胶片。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :A comparative study on the drug release capacity of four water swellable polymeric systems was carried out by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The polymeric systems chosen were alpha,beta-polyaspartahydrazide (PAHy) crosslinked by glutaraldehyde (GLU) (PAHy-GLU) or by ethyleneglycoldiglycidylether (EGDGE), (PAHy-EGDGE), polyvinylalcohol (PVA) crosslinked by glutaraldehyde (PVA-GLU) and alpha,beta-poly(N-hydroxyethyl)-DL-aspartamide (PHEA) by gamma irradiation (PHEA-gamma matrices). The degree of crosslinking for PAHy-GLU, PAHy-EGDGE and PVA-GLU samples was about 0.4 and 0.8. These hydrogels were characterized as free of drugs and were loaded with diflunisal (DFN) (approximately 2.5% w/w). Diflunisal, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, has been chosen as a model drug to be incorporated into polymeric matrices to follow the release processes of a drug from these hydrogels to a model membrane made by unilamellar vesicles of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC). Differential scanning calorimetry appears to be a suitable technique to follow the transfer kinetics of the drug from the controlled release system to the biomembrane model. The drug releases from all the considered polymeric hydrogels, were compared with the release observed from the drug solid form by examining the effects on the thermotropic behaviour of DPPC unilamellar vesicles. The release kinetics of the drug from hydrogels were followed at 25, 37 and 50 degrees C to evidence the influence of temperature on the drug release and on the successive transfer to biological membrane model. Particularly, it appears evident that the total amount of drug transferred and the release rate are affected by the polymer crosslinking degree (it increases with crosslinking decrease) as well as by the nature of crosslinking agent. In fact, the drug release profiles from PAHy-GLU samples are more differentiated than those from PAHy-EGDGE. The effect of parameters correlating with the properties of starting polymer, such as water-affinity, crystallinity, glass-to-rubber transition temperature and affinity towards drug molecules, has been also evaluated.

背景与目标： : 通过差示扫描量热法 (DSC) 对四种水可溶胀聚合物体系的药物释放能力进行了比较研究。选择的聚合物体系是由戊二醛 (GLU) (PAHy-GLU) 或由乙二醇二缩水甘油醚 (EGDGE)，(PAHy-EGDGE) 交联的 α，β-聚天冬酰肼 (PAHy)，聚乙烯醇 (PVA) 交联的戊二醛 (PVA-GLU) 和 α，Γ 辐照的 β-聚 (N-羟乙基)-DL-天冬酰胺 (PHEA) (PHEA-γ 基质)。PAHy-GLU、PAHy-EGDGE和pva-glu样品的交联度为约0.4和0.8。这些水凝胶被表征为不含药物并且负载有二氟尼铝 (DFN) (约2.5% w/w)。已选择非甾体类抗炎药Diflunisal作为模型药物，将其掺入聚合物基质中，以遵循药物从这些水凝胶释放到由二棕榈酰磷脂酰胆碱 (DPPC) 的单层囊泡制成的模型膜的过程。差示扫描量热法似乎是跟踪药物从控释系统到生物膜模型的转移动力学的合适技术。通过检查对DPPC单层囊泡的热致行为的影响，将所有考虑的聚合物水凝胶的药物释放与药物固体形式的释放进行了比较。在25、37和50 ℃ 下跟踪药物从水凝胶的释放动力学，以证明温度对药物释放和连续转移到生物膜模型的影响。特别地，显而易见的是，转移的药物总量和释放速率受聚合物交联度 (其随着交联度的降低而增加) 以及交联剂的性质的影响。实际上，PAHy-GLU样品的药物释放特征比PAHy-EGDGE样品的药物释放特征更加不同。还评估了与起始聚合物性能相关的参数的影响，例如水亲和力，结晶度，玻璃到橡胶的转变温度以及对药物分子的亲和力。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: PURPOSE:The purpose of this study is to investigate the frequency of deposition and impact of various multipurpose care regimens on a silicone hydrogel contact lens material (galyfilcon A; Acuvue Advance, Vistakon, Inc.). METHODS:This was a two-phase, monadic, open-label, daily-wear clinical study. The analyses from Phase I were aimed at determining total lens front surface area deposition after two 2-week periods of galyfilcon A lens wear. Deposition was graded clinically using a slit-lamp biomicroscope from grade 0 (0% surface area) to grade 4 (>25% surface area). Secondary outcomes included visual acuity and self-reported overall comfort, end-of-day comfort, and perceived vision. Phase II determined the impact of various multipurpose solutions with and without a rub step on "heavy depositors" (grade 3 or 4) from a single phase I site. There were four arms associated with phase II, and front surface deposition was again the primary outcome with the same secondary outcomes as that mentioned previously. RESULTS:In phase I, after the initial 2-week wear period, 9.4% of subjects exhibited grades 3 and 4 deposition. There were no differences in visual acuity, comfort, end-of-day comfort, and self-reported perceived vision when comparing "depositors" and "nondepositors." Twenty-seven "heavy depositors" from phase I completed phase II. After using Complete MoisturePlus (with a digital rub), no patients (0%) had clinically significant (grades 3 or 4) deposition, whereas for comparison, 33% of patients (the "heavy depositors") from phase I had clinically significant deposition without a digital rub (p=0.003). Similarly, 3.7% of patients had grade 3 or 4 deposition after using Opti-Free Express (with a digital rub) (p=0.01) and AOSEPT with a Miraflow-based rub (p=0.01) compared with the 33% of patients using Complete MoisturePlus without a digital rub. There were no differences in visual acuity or self-reported outcomes when stratified by lens care system in phase II. CONCLUSIONS:Less than 10% of subjects exhibit clinically significant levels of deposition with galyfilcon A lenses when cleaned with Complete MoisturePlus (no-rub) multipurpose solution, and this was shown to not interfere with lens performance. The addition of a rub-and-rinse step to the care of galyfilcon lenses significantly reduces this deposition rate.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Tailoring the properties of extracellular matrix (ECM) based hydrogels by conjugating with synthetic polymers is an emerging method for designing hybridhydrogels for a wide range of tissue engineering applications. In this study, poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA), a synthetic polymer at variable concentrations (ranging from 0.2 to 2% wt/vol) was conjugated with porcine cholecyst derived ECM (C-ECM) (1% wt/vol) and prepared a biosynthetic hydrogel having enhanced physico-mechanical properties, as required for skeletal muscle tissue engineering. The C-ECM was functionalized with acrylate groups using activated N-hydroxysuccinimide ester-based chemistry and then conjugated with PEGDA via free-radical polymerization in presence of ammonium persulfate and ascorbic acid. The physicochemical characteristics of the hydrogels were evaluated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and environmental scanning electron microscopy. Further, the hydrogel properties were studied by evaluating rheology, swelling, gelation time, percentage gel fraction, in vitro degradation, and mechanical strength. Biocompatibility of the gel formulations were assessed using the C2C12 skeletal myoblast cells. The hydrogel formulations containing 0.2 and 0.5% wt/vol of PEGDA were non-cytotoxic and found suitable for growth and proliferation of skeletal myoblasts. The study demonstrated a method for modulating the properties of ECM hydrogels through conjugation with bio-inert polymers for skeletal muscle tissue engineering applications.

背景与目标： : 通过与合成聚合物缀合来定制基于细胞外基质 (ECM) 的水凝胶的特性是设计用于广泛组织工程应用的杂化水凝胶的新兴方法。在这项研究中，聚 (乙二醇) 二丙烯酸酯 (PEGDA) 是一种不同浓度 (范围为0.2至2% wt/vol) 的合成聚合物，与猪胆囊素衍生的ECM (c-ecm) (1% wt/vol) 缀合，并制备了具有增强的物理机械性能的生物合成水凝胶。根据骨骼肌组织工程的要求。使用活化的N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺酯基化学将c-ecm用丙烯酸酯基团官能化，然后在过硫酸铵和抗坏血酸存在下通过自由基聚合与PEGDA共轭。通过傅立叶变换红外光谱和环境扫描电子显微镜评估了水凝胶的理化特性。此外，通过评估流变学，溶胀，凝胶时间，凝胶分数百分比，体外降解和机械强度来研究水凝胶性能。使用C2C12骨骼肌成肌细胞评估凝胶制剂的生物相容性。含有0.2和0.5% 重量/体积的PEGDA的水凝胶制剂是非细胞毒性的，并且发现适合骨骼肌成肌细胞的生长和增殖。该研究证明了一种通过与生物惰性聚合物缀合来调节ECM水凝胶性能的方法，用于骨骼肌组织工程应用。