BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The aims of this paper were to find out the status of HIV and syphilis infection and to examine the sexual behaviours between men who have sex with men only (MSM/M) and men who have sex with both men and women (MSM/W), as well as to determine the correlates for HIV and syphilis infection among MSM/M and MSM/W, respectively. Among 1693 MSM who participated in the study, the proportions of MSM/M and MSM/W were 82.1% and 17.9%, respectively. The prevalences of HIV infection were 7.0% in MSM/M and 6.6% in MSM/W and the prevalences of syphilis infection were 11.9% and 13.2%, respectively. Among the MSM/M subset, the correlates both for HIV and syphilis infection included having more sexual partners, and being receptive or both insertive and receptive for anal sex. Among the MSM/W subset, living in Chengdu was associated with HIV infection and using condoms inconsistently during anal sex was associated with syphilis infection. The findings of this survey call for interventions tailored according to the needs of different subsets of MSM.

背景与目标： : 本文的目的是了解艾滋病毒和梅毒的感染状况，并检查仅与男性发生性关系的男性 (MSM/M) 与与男性和女性发生性关系的男性 (MSM/W) 之间的性行为)，并分别确定MSM/M和MSM/W中HIV和梅毒感染的相关性。在参与研究的1693名MSM中，MSM/M和MSM/W的比例分别为82.1% 和17.9%。在MSM/M中7.0% HIV感染的患病率，在MSM/W中6.6%，梅毒感染的患病率分别为11.9% 和13.2%。在MSM/M子集中，与HIV和梅毒感染的相关性包括拥有更多的性伴侣，以及对肛交的接受性或插入性和接受性。在MSM/W亚组中，居住在成都与HIV感染有关，在肛交期间不一致使用避孕套与梅毒感染有关。这项调查的结果要求根据MSM不同子集的需求量身定制干预措施。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :We studied the use of the INNO-LIA syphilis score assay in the resolution of discordant positive screening results of the Murex ICE Syphilis enzyme immunoassay (EIA) with the confirmatory results of both the Serodia Treponema pallidum particle agglutination (TPPA) and the fluorescent treponemal antibody-absorption (FTA-Abs) assays, for the serological diagnosis of syphilis. This was an observational study on the serum samples received by the Syphilis Laboratory, Hong Kong, during the period from January 2006 to December 2012. A total of 801 serum samples with discordant positive screening EIA results were used. Consensus results of such serum samples were derived from results of the EIA, TPPA and FTA-abs assays. The age range of the individuals was 14 to 104 years (median of 52). There were 369 males and 432 females. Of 378 serum samples, 139 showed agreement among positive results, 23 of 310 showed agreement among indeterminate results and 277 of 465 showed agreement among negative results. The proportions of agreement among positive, indeterminate and negative results were 0.37 (95% CI 0.32-0.42), 0.07 (95% CI 0.05-0.11) and 0.60 (95% CI 0.55-0.64), respectively; kappa 0.55 (95% CI 0.49-0.60). There were 60 serum samples with positive consensus results but negative INNO-LIA syphilis score results and 10 with negative consensus results but positive INNO-LIA syphilis score results. Although the INNO-LIA syphilis score assay can be considered a valid alternative confirmatory test for the serological diagnosis of syphilis, the present study showed that its use in the resolution of discordant positive screening EIA results was moderate. A more extensive characterization of serum samples with discordant reactive screening treponemal test results is necessary.

背景与目标： : 我们研究了INNO-LIA梅毒评分测定法在解决Murex冰梅毒酶免疫测定法 (EIA) 的不一致阳性筛查结果中的使用，并确定了梅毒螺旋体颗粒凝集 (TPPA) 和荧光梅毒螺旋体抗体吸收 (FTA-Abs) 测定法，用于梅毒的血清学诊断。这是一项对2006年1月至2012年12月期间香港梅毒实验室收到的血清样本的观察性研究。总共使用了801份具有不一致阳性筛选EIA结果的血清样品。此类血清样品的共识结果来自EIA，TPPA和FTA-abs测定的结果。个体的年龄范围为14至104岁 (中位数为52)。有369名男性和432名女性。在378份血清样品中，139份阳性结果一致，310份23份不确定结果一致，277份465份阴性结果一致。阳性，不确定和阴性结果之间的一致性比例分别为0.37 (95% CI 0.32-0.42)，0.07 (95% CI 0.05-0.11) 和0.60 (95% CI 0.55-0.64); kappa 0.55 (95% CI 0.49-0.60)。有60份血清样本的一致性结果为阳性，但INNO-LIA梅毒评分结果为阴性，而10份的一致性结果为阴性，但INNO-LIA梅毒评分结果为阳性。尽管INNO-LIA梅毒评分测定法可被认为是梅毒血清学诊断的有效替代验证性试验，但本研究表明，其在解决不一致的阳性筛查EIA结果中的使用是中等的。需要使用不一致的反应性筛选密螺旋体测试结果对血清样品进行更广泛的表征。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :There is little research on injecting drug use in Nigeria. We investigated the prevalence of HIV, hepatitis B and C, and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among male injection drug users (IDUs) in Lagos. Male IDUs (N = 328) were recruited through respondent-driven sampling. Participants completed an interview about their sexual and injecting risk behaviours and were tested for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBV), hepatitis C antibody (HCV), HIV and syphilis, as well as genital chlamydia and gonorrhoea infections. Three-quarters of IDUs (74%) reported injecting drugs in the past one month although most did not share needles (92%) and the majority obtained sterile needles from pharmacists (87%). Estimated HBV, HCV, HIV, syphilis, gonorrhoea and chlamydia prevalences were 7.8%, 7.7%, 0.9%, 1.9%, 0.0%, and 3.7%, respectively. The burden of HIV is presently low among IDUs in Lagos. Changes in accessibility to sterile needles at pharmacists would likely have a deleterious effect on IDUs' health. HBV vaccination and HCV prevention programmes for IDUs are urgently needed.

背景与目标： : 尼日利亚关于注射吸毒的研究很少。我们调查了拉各斯男性注射吸毒者 (idu) 中HIV，乙型和丙型肝炎以及性传播感染 (STIs) 的患病率。通过受访者驱动的抽样招募男性注射吸毒者 (N = 328)。参与者完成了关于他们的性和注射风险行为的访谈，并测试了乙型肝炎表面抗原 (HBV)，丙型肝炎抗体 (HCV)，艾滋病毒和梅毒，以及生殖器衣原体和淋病感染。四分之三的注射吸毒者 (74%) 报告在过去一个月注射毒品，尽管大多数人不共用针头 (92%)，大多数人从药剂师那里获得无菌针头 (87%)。估计的HBV，HCV，HIV，梅毒，淋病和衣原体患病率分别为7.8%，7.7%，0.9%，1.9%，0.0% 和3.7%。目前，拉各斯注射吸毒者的艾滋病毒负担很低。药剂师对无菌针头的可及性发生变化可能会对idus的健康产生有害影响。迫切需要针对注射吸毒者的HBV疫苗接种和HCV预防计划。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :An HIV-positive man with hepatitis B co-infection, naïve to highly active antiretroviral therapy, with a CD4 of 594 copies/mL and HIV-1 viral load of 140,070 copies, presented with right-sided facial weakness and hearing loss. He had been treated for secondary syphilis three months earlier when his rapid plasma reagin (RPR) result was 1:16, this had fallen to neat. At presentation, his RPR had risen to 1:16 again. A magnetic resonance imaging scan showed enhancement of the internal auditory canal and right cochlea. His cerebrospinal fluid examination was normal. He was treated with acyclovir and prednisolone before the syphilis serology was known. He was then treated for syphilis with doxycycline. He made an excellent recovery.

背景与目标： : 一名患有乙型肝炎的HIV阳性男子，未接受高度活性的抗逆转录病毒疗法，CD4为594拷贝/mL，HIV-1病毒载量为140,070拷贝，表现为右侧面部无力和听力损失。三个月前，当他的快速血浆反应素 (RPR) 结果1:16时，他已经接受了二期梅毒的治疗，这已经降到了整洁。在演讲中，他的RPR再次上升到1:16。磁共振成像扫描显示内耳道和右耳蜗增强。他的脑脊液检查正常。在知道梅毒血清学之前，他接受了阿昔洛韦和泼尼松龙治疗。随后，他接受了多西环素的梅毒治疗。他恢复得很好。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Epidemiological aspects of syphilis in Western countries have undergone a significant change with respect to the number of cases. Detection of Treponema pallidum is difficult, and the correct diagnosis of secondary syphilis can be critical. In this study, biopsy samples from skin lesions of 12 patients with secondary syphilis were used. Diagnosis of syphilis was based on clinical presentation, dark-field microscope analysis, and serological tests. Using a polyclonal antibody directed against T. pallidum, we show the presence of T. pallidum in 90% of the samples studied with the bacteria located in the epidermis and the upper dermis. The T. pallidum 47-kDa surface protein gene could be amplified by PCR in 75% of the skin lesions. When combining both techniques, T. pallidum was detected in 92% of the samples from patients with secondary syphilis but not in the control samples. Our work suggests that both immunohistochemistry and PCR could be useful for the diagnosis of secondary syphilis and may be helpful in some rare cases when serological assays failed to detect T. pallidum antibodies.

背景与目标： : 西方国家梅毒的流行病学方面在病例数方面发生了重大变化。梅毒螺旋体的检测很困难，正确诊断二期梅毒可能至关重要。在这项研究中，使用了12例二期梅毒患者的皮肤病变活检样本。梅毒的诊断基于临床表现，暗视野显微镜分析和血清学检查。使用针对苍白球菌的多克隆抗体，我们显示苍白球菌存在于90% 的样品中，其中细菌位于表皮和真皮上部。通过PCR可以在75% 皮肤病变中扩增T. pallidum 47-kda表面蛋白基因。当结合这两种技术时，在来自二期梅毒患者的92% 样本中检测到苍白球，但在对照样本中未检测到。我们的工作表明，免疫组织化学和PCR均可用于诊断二期梅毒，并且在某些罕见情况下，血清学检测未能检测到T. pallidum抗体可能会有所帮助。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The cases are described of two infants who developed clinical and laboratory signs of congenital syphilis in Northern Italy, a region where the disease had not been documented for several years. The report urges greater vigilance and screening for syphilis among pregnant women and newborns, and contributes to the evidence that the incidence of syphilis is rising among women in Italy.

背景与目标： : 描述了两名婴儿的病例，他们在意大利北部出现了先天性梅毒的临床和实验室体征，该地区几年来没有记录这种疾病。该报告敦促提高对孕妇和新生儿的梅毒的警惕和筛查，并提供了证据表明意大利妇女中梅毒的发病率正在上升。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: From 1993 to 1995, the number of primary and secondary syphilis cases reported in Baltimore City (1990 population736,014) increased 97%, from 179 to 352 cases per year (Figure 1). To identify potential reasons for this increase, CDC, in collaboration with the Baltimore City Health Department (BCHD) and the Maryland Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, analyzed data about primary and secondary syphilis cases during 1992-1995 and about temporal trends in factors that may affect syphilis rates (e.g., partner-notification results, access to medical care, and community illicit-drug use). In addition, data were analyzed from the two public sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinics in Baltimore City. BCHD collects demographic data for all cases of reported syphilis among patients who reside in Baltimore City and attempts to interview and provide partner notification and treatment for these patients. This report summarizes the results of the analysis, which suggest the outbreak has been associated with decreases in partner notification and health department clinical services and a substantial increase in community cocaine use.

背景与目标： 从1993 1995年开始，巴尔的摩市 (1990人口736,014) 报告的原发性和二期梅毒病例数97% 增加，从每年179例增加到352例 (图1)。为了确定这种增加的潜在原因，疾病预防控制中心与巴尔的摩市卫生局 (BCHD) 和马里兰州卫生与精神卫生部门合作，分析了1992-1995年期间原发性和二期梅毒病例的数据以及可能影响梅毒率的因素的时间趋势 (例如，合作伙伴-通知结果、获得医疗保健和社区非法药物使用)。此外，还分析了巴尔的摩市两个公共性传播疾病 (STD) 诊所的数据。BCHD收集居住在巴尔的摩市的患者中所有报告的梅毒病例的人口统计数据，并尝试对这些患者进行访谈并提供合作伙伴通知和治疗。本报告总结了分析结果，表明疫情与合作伙伴通知和卫生部门临床服务的减少以及社区可卡因使用量的大幅增加有关。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The clinical features and ophthalmologic findings of 20 patients with syphilitic posterior uveitis seen at the Detroit Medical Center from November 1993 through February 1996 were reviewed. The mean age was 58 years; 8 patients were male and 12 were female; and all patients were black. Three of 9 patients tested were HIV positive. Patients were divided into 2 groups: those with acute (8) and those with chronic (12) syphilitic posterior uveitis. Chorioretinitis was the predominant uveitic pattern (15/20). Eighteen patients presented with blurred vision. All patients had reactive serum fluorescent treponemal antibody, absorbed (FTA-ABS); 3 had nonreactive rapid plasma reagin (RPR). Mean RPR titer in the chronic uveitis group and in the acute uveitis group was 1:27.3 and 1:209.8, respectively. Seven patients had abnormal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF); CSF VDRL was reactive in 2 patients. All patients were treated with intravenous penicillin G. Eight of 14 patients seen at follow-up showed improvement of ophthalmologic findings. Syphilis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of posterior uveitis.

背景与目标： : 回顾了从1993年11月到1996年2月在底特律医学中心看到的20例梅毒性后葡萄膜炎患者的临床特征和眼科结果。平均年龄为58岁; 男性8例，女性12例; 所有患者均为黑人。接受测试的9名患者中有3名是HIV阳性。将患者分为2组: 急性 (8) 和慢性 (12) 梅毒性后葡萄膜炎。脉络膜视网膜炎是主要的葡萄膜模式 (15/20)。18名患者出现视力模糊。所有患者均具有反应性血清荧光抗体，吸收 (FTA-ABS); 3例无反应性快速血浆反应蛋白 (RPR)。慢性葡萄膜炎组和急性葡萄膜炎组的平均RPR滴度分别为1:27.3和1:209.8。7例患者脑脊液 (CSF) 异常; 2例患者CSF VDRL呈反应性。所有患者均接受静脉青霉素g治疗。在随访中看到的14例患者中有8例显示了眼科检查结果的改善。后葡萄膜炎的鉴别诊断疾病应考虑梅毒。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: The results of a multicentre study of 1668 Spanish prostitutes are described with regard to syphilis infection. For those women who permitted serological tests (n = 1095), 30.59% (confidence interval (CI)30.55%-30.63%) were positive for markers indicating current or prior infection. After adjustment was made for other variables, a significant association with syphilis infection was observed for periods of exposure (i.e. age and years working as a prostitute). No significant associations were detected for either intravenous drug use, or educational attainment. The results of this study are similar to those of some other investigations into the prevalence of syphilis amongst prostitutes.

背景与目标： 描述了针对1668名西班牙妓女的多中心研究结果，涉及梅毒感染。对于那些允许进行血清学检查的妇女 (n = 1095)，30.59% (置信区间 (CI)30.55%-30.63%) 的标记物呈阳性，表明当前或先前的感染。在对其他变量进行调整后，观察到接触期 (即年龄和妓女年龄) 与梅毒感染显着相关。未发现静脉吸毒或受教育程度有显着关联。这项研究的结果与其他一些有关妓女中梅毒患病率的调查结果相似。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :We report a case of Addison's disease presumed to be secondary to syphilis. The patient presented with adrenal failure and a maculopapular rash on his trunk and palms. Syphilis was suspected but the non-treponemal serological test used (the rapid plasma reagin test (RPR)) was falsely negative due to the prozone phenomenon. Treatment with benzathine penicillin resulted in normalization of adrenal function and resolution of the cutaneous findings. Repeat testing of the previously obtained serum sample showed the RPR to be positive on increasing dilutions of serum, consistent with the prozone effect.

背景与目标： : 我们报告了一例Addison病，推测是继发于梅毒的病例。患者出现肾上腺功能衰竭，躯干和手掌出现斑丘疹。梅毒被怀疑，但由于前区现象，使用的非梅毒血清学试验 (快速血浆反应素试验 (RPR)) 错误地呈阴性。用苄星青霉素治疗可使肾上腺功能正常化并消除皮肤发现。对先前获得的血清样品进行的重复测试表明，RPR对增加的血清稀释度呈阳性，与前带效应一致。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Epidemic increases in active syphilis have been reported in the geographic areas hit hard by acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Although both epidemics have been associated with illicit substance abuse, the extent to which recent increases in syphilis are linked to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) epidemic is uncertain. In order to define the frequency of syphilis and HIV-1 coinfection in the pregnant patients seen at City Hospital Center at Elmhurst, we saved syphilis-positive serologic specimens from obstetrical patients for anonymous HIV-1 antibody testing. Of 120 women who tested positive for syphilis, 7/120 (5.8%) had antibodies to HIV-1; of the 44 women with VDRL titers greater than or equal to 1:16 (suggestive of a recent infection), 1/44 (2.3%) had antibodies to HIV-1.

背景与目标： : 据报道，在获得性免疫缺陷综合症严重打击的地理区域，活动性梅毒的流行病增加。尽管这两种流行病都与非法药物滥用有关，但梅毒最近的增加与人类免疫缺陷病病毒 (HIV-1) 流行病有关的程度尚不确定。为了确定在Elmhurst市医院中心看到的孕妇中梅毒和HIV-1合并感染的频率，我们从产科患者中保存了梅毒阳性血清学标本，以进行匿名HIV-1抗体检测。在120名梅毒检测呈阳性的妇女中，7/120名 (5.8% 名) 有HIV-1抗体; 在44名VDRL滴度大于或等于1:16 (提示近期感染) 的妇女中，1/44名 (2.3% 名) 有HIV-1抗体。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVES:The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention provides guidance on sexually transmitted disease (STD) testing specifically for men who have sex with men (MSM) in STD treatment guidelines to address increasing rates of gonorrhoea and syphilis among MSM in the USA. The guidelines recommend at least annual syphilis, gonorrhoea and chlamydia testing for sexually active MSM. The implementation of these guidelines was evaluated. METHODS:Data from the 2003-5 MSM cycle of the National HIV Behavioural Surveillance System were used. The proportion of sexually active HIV-negative MSM reporting syphilis and gonorrhoea testing during the previous year was determined and multivariate logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with testing. RESULTS:Of 10 030 MSM, 39% and 36% reported having been tested for syphilis and gonorrhoea in the previous year, respectively. Four factors were associated with syphilis and gonorrhoea testing, respectively: age 18-24 years versus > or =45 years (odds ratio (OR) 2.2, 95% CI 1.8 to 2.5; OR 2.7, 95% CI 2.3 to 3.2), black versus white race (OR 1.3, 95% CI 1.1 to 1.4; OR 1.4, 95% CI 1.2 to 1.6), private insurance versus no insurance (OR 1.3, 95% CI 1.1 to 1.4; OR 1.3, 95% CI 1.1 to 1.4) and disclosing male-male sex to a healthcare provider (OR 2.2, 95% CI 2.0 to 2.5; OR 2.1, 95% CI 1.9 to 2.3). CONCLUSIONS:Syphilis and gonorrhoea testing among MSM was low, despite specific testing recommendations in the STD treatment guidelines. To increase STD testing among MSM, healthcare providers should assess the risks of STD for male patients through routine enquiries about sexual activity.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Although previous case-control studies have observed positive associations among gonorrhea, syphilis, clinical prostatitis, and prostate cancer, many may have been susceptible to recall and interviewer biases due to their retrospective designs. Therefore, to investigate these associations without concerns of recall and interviewer biases, we conducted a large, prospective investigation in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study. METHODS:In 1992, participants were asked to report their histories of gonorrhea, syphilis, and clinical prostatitis by mailed questionnaire. Prostate cancer diagnoses were ascertained by self-report on the 1994 and each subsequent biennial follow-up questionnaire and confirmed by medical record review. RESULTS:Of the 36,033 participants in this analysis, 2,263 were diagnosed with prostate cancer between the date of return of the 1992 questionnaire and 2002. No association was observed between gonorrhea [adjusted relative risk (RR), 1.04; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 0.79-1.36] or syphilis (RR, 1.06; 95% CI, 0.44-2.59) and prostate cancer. Overall null results were also observed between clinical prostatitis and prostate cancer (RR, 1.08; 95% CI, 0.96-1.20), although a significant positive association was observed among younger men (<59 years) screened for prostate cancer (RR, 1.49; 95% CI, 1.08-2.06; P(interaction) = 0.006). CONCLUSIONS:Gonorrhea and syphilis do not seem to be risk factors for prostate cancer in this cohort of men with a lower burden of sexually transmitted infections. Clinical prostatitis is also unlikely to be a risk factor, although possible roles for prostatitis in younger men and asymptomatic prostatic infection and inflammation cannot be ruled out.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVES:Biological and behavioural surveillance of HIV and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among populations at highest risk have been used to monitor trends in prevalence and in risk behaviours. Sex work in Panama is regulated through registration with the Social Hygiene Programme, Ministry of Health. We estimated prevalence of HIV and STIs, and factors associated with active syphilis among female sex workers (FSWs). METHODS:A cross-sectional study using venue-based, time-space sampling was conducted among FSWs in Panama from 2009 to 2010. FSWs were interviewed about sociodemographic characteristics, sexual risk behaviour, health history and drug use using an anonymous structured questionnaire. Blood was collected for serological testing of HIV and other STIs. Factors associated with active syphilis were studied using logistic regression analysis. RESULTS:The overall HIV-1 prevalence of 0.7% varied by FSW category; 1.6% in 379 unregistered, and 0.2% in 620 registered FSWs. Overall prevalence (and 95% CI) of STIs were: syphilis antibody, 3.8% (2.7% to 5.2%); herpes simplex virus type 2 antibody (anti-HSV-2), 74.2% (71.4% to 76.9%); hepatitis B surface antigen, 0.6% (0.2% to 1.3%); hepatitis B core antibody, 8.7% (7.0% to 10.6%); and hepatitis C antibody, 0.2% (0.0% to 0.7%). In multivariate analysis, registration (adjusted OR (AOR)=0.35; 95% CI 0.16 to 0.74), having a history of STI (AOR=2.37; 95% CI 1.01 to 5.58), forced sex (AOR=2.47; 95% CI 1.11 to 5.48), and anti-HSV-2 (AOR=10.05; 95% CI 1.36 to 74.38) were associated with active syphilis. CONCLUSIONS:Although HIV prevalence is low among FSWs in Panama, unregistered FSWs bear a higher burden of HIV and STIs than registered FSWs. Programmes aimed at overcoming obstacles to registration, and HIV, STI and harm reduction among unregistered FSWs is warranted to prevent HIV transmission, and to improve their sexual and reproductive health.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Congenital syphilis was rare in most affluent countries but there has been a slight resurgence recently in several European countries. In large parts of the world and particularly sub-Saharan Africa congenital syphilis is a significant public health problem. The cornerstone of congenital syphilis control is antenatal screening and treatment of mothers with penicillin, which is a cost-effective intervention. In affluent countries it should be strengthened among those at high risk. Clinicians should be more vigilant for the possibility of babies being born with congenital syphilis, which is often asymptomatic. In developing countries not only does antenatal care screening need to be strengthened by implementing point-of-care decentralised screening and treatment but alternative innovative approaches to controlling congenital syphilis should be explored. There is an urgent need for international health agencies to support focused approaches to tackling the tragedy of continuing congenital syphilis. This could be a part of a pro-poor strategy to meet the Millennium Development Goals.

背景与目标： 先天性梅毒在大多数富裕国家很少见，但最近在几个欧洲国家略有复苏。在世界大部分地区，特别是撒哈拉以南非洲，先天性梅毒是一个重大的公共卫生问题。先天性梅毒控制的基石是对母亲进行产前筛查和青霉素治疗，这是一种具有成本效益的干预措施。在富裕国家，应在高风险国家中加强这一水平。临床医生应提高警惕婴儿出生时患有先天性梅毒的可能性，这种梅毒通常没有症状。在发展中国家，不仅需要通过实施护理点分散的筛查和治疗来加强产前保健筛查，而且还应探索控制先天性梅毒的替代创新方法。迫切需要国际卫生机构支持采取有针对性的方法来应对持续的先天性梅毒的悲剧。这可能是实现千年发展目标的扶贫战略的一部分。