Multiscale modeling of muscular-skeletal systems-the materials and structures that help organisms support themselves and move-is a rapidly growing field of study that has contributed key elements to the understanding of these systems, especially from a multiscale perspective. The systems, including materials such as bone and muscle, have hierarchical structures ranging from the nano- to the macroscale, and it is difficult to understand their macroscopic behaviors, both physiological and pathological, without knowledge of their hierarchical structures and properties. In this review, we discuss the methods of multiscale modeling. Through a series of case studies about key materials in muscular-skeletal systems, we describe how different methods can bridge the gap between hierarchical structures and their roles in the systems' mechanical properties. In particular, we emphasize the importance of the quality of minerals in bone. Finally, we discuss biomimetic material designs facilitated by additive manufacturing technology.

译文

肌肉骨骼系统的多尺度建模-帮助生物支撑自己和移动的材料和结构-是一个快速发展的研究领域,为理解这些系统做出了关键因素,特别是从多尺度的角度来看。包括骨骼和肌肉等材料在内的系统具有从纳米到宏观的层次结构,如果不了解其层次结构和特性,就很难理解其宏观行为,包括生理和病理行为。在这篇综述中,我们讨论了多尺度建模的方法。通过一系列有关肌肉骨骼系统中关键材料的案例研究,我们描述了不同的方法如何弥合层次结构之间的鸿沟及其在系统机械性能中的作用。我们特别强调骨骼中矿物质质量的重要性。最后,我们讨论了增材制造技术促进的仿生材料设计。

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